IC-NRLF 


SB 


THE  MALDBN 
SURVEY 


THE  MALDEN 
SURVEY 

A  REPORT  ON  THE  CHURCH  ?LAN'TS  of  • ! '  ''    \ . 
A  TYPICAL   CITY,  SHOWING 'frffe' USE 
OF  THE  INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVE- 
MENT SCORE   CARD   AND   STANDARDS 
FOR  RATING  CITY  CHURCH  PLANTS 

Compiled  Under  the  Direction  of 
WALTER  SCOTT  ATHEARN 

DIRECTOR  DEPARTMENT  OF  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 
AND    SOCIAL    SERVICE,    BOSTON    UNIVERSITY 


Author  of  the  "Church  School,"  "Religious 

Education  and  American  Democracy," 

"A  National  System  of  Education" 


INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT 

OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


A* 


Prepared  for 
4 :         ; .  i  { '  / '  OTEi  AMERICAN  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION 

DEPART kiENT  OF  THE  INTERCHURCH 

WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

By 

N.  L.  ENGELHARDT 
E.  S.  EVENDEN 

F.  W.  HART 
E.  MORRIS  FERGUSSON 


Copyright  1920  by  the 

Interchurch  World  Movement 

of  North  America 


Preface 

THIS  survey  of  seventeen  church  and  religious  education  plants 
of  a  typical  American  city  has  been  issued  for  the  purpose  of 
illustrating  the  use  of  the  Interchurch  Score  Card  and  Standards 
for  Church  and  Religious  Education  Plants.     It  should  be  studied 
in  connection  with  these  standards.     It  is  hoped  that  similar  studies 
will  be  issued  by  other  cities  and  that  comprehensive  and  detailed 
comparative  tables  will  be  published  showing  the  building  condition 
throughout  the  United  States. 

Such  a  survey  of  the  church  and  religious  education  plants  of  a  city 
will  be  found  to  serve  many  purposes: 

First,  it  directs  the  attention  of  the  community  to  the  newer  forms 
of  service  which  a  modern  church  may  be  expected  to  perform. 

Second,  it  presents  the  existing  situation  with  its  strong  and  weak 
points  in  the  most  concise,  interesting  and  intelligible  way  possible; 
it  shows  the  actual  and  relative  adequacy  of  provision  for  various 
forms  of  service  both  by  sections  of  the  city  and  by  different  denom- 
inations. 

Third,  it  shows  where  repairs  and  rearrangements  are  immediately 
necessary  and  also  where  these  adjustments  are  economically  ad- 
visable. 

Fourth,  it  furnishes  data  necessary  for  guiding  programs  of  building. 
When  the  findings  of  such  a  survey  are  studied  in  the  light  of  the  ele- 
ments which  are  determining  the  rate,  extent  and  direction  of  the 
city's  future  growth  it  is  possible  for  a  city  church  council  or  a  denom- 
inational board  to  build  in  a  way  to  provide  for  future  extension. 

With  a  survey  of  this  character  in  its  possession  it  is  possible  for  a 
city  to  plan  a  building  program  for  a  period  of  years  which  will 
eventually  result  in  an  adequate  number  of  well-located,  properly 
constructed  church  and  religious  education  plants. 

This  report  is  offered  to  the  churches  of  America  with  the  hope  that 
it  will  aid  in  standardizing  the  physical  equipment  of  both  church 
and  school. 

WALTER  S.  ATHEARN,  Director. 


448818 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


Table  of  Contents 


CHAPTER  I.     THE  METHOD  AND  PURPOSE  OF  THE  SURVEY 7 

The  Score  Card 10 

Final  Scores  and  Summary  Statements 14 

CHAPTER  II.    THE  SITES  OF  THE  SEVENTEEN  CHURCH  AND  RELIGIOUS 

EDUCATION  PLANTS 52 

A   Location 52 

B    Nature  and  Condition 58 

C    Size  and  Form 58 

CHAPTER  III   BUILDING  OR  BUILDINGS  OF  THE  SEVENTEEN  CHURCH  AND 

RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION  PLANTS 61 

A    Placement 64 

B    Gross  Structure 64 

C    Internal  Structure 69 

CHAPTER  IV    SERVICE  SYSTEMS 86 

A    Heating  and  Ventilation 90 

B    Fire  Protection 96 

C    Cleaning  System 102 

D   Artificial  Lighting 104 

E    Toilet  Systems 110 

F    Water  Supply 110 

G   Other  Service  Systems 112 

H   Service  Rooms  and  Fuel  Rooms 112 

CHAPTER  V     CHURCH  ROOMS 113 

A    Convenience  of  Arrangement 113 

B    Auditorium 118 

C    Chapel  and  Small  Assembly 128 

D   Parlor  and  Church  Board  Room 128 

E    Church  Office 130 

F    Pastor's  Study 130 

G   Church  Vault 130 

CHAPTER  VI    RELIGIOUS  SCHOOL  ROOMS 133 

A    Location  and  Connection 136 

B    Assembly  Room 136 

C    Class  Rooms 142 

D   Cloak  Rooms 150 

E    Superintendent's  Office 152 

F    Laboratories 152 

G   Supply  Room ; 152 

CHAPTER  VII  COMMUNITY  SERVICE  ROOMS 155 

A    Rooms  for  General  Use 158 

B    Rooms  for  Social  Service 160 

C    Rooms  for  Recreation  and  Athletics     .......  164 

APPENDIX  I     INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  STANDARDS  FOR  A  CITY 

CHURCH  AND  RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION  PLANT     .  ' 166 

APPENDIX  II    STANDARDS  FOR  Two  AND  THREE  MANUAL  PIPE  ORGANS  205 

APPENDIX  III  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  .  211 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


CHAPTER  I 

The  Method  and  Purpose  of  the  Survey 

THE  building  survey  of  the  churches  of  the  city  of  Maiden, 
Massachusetts,   was  undertaken  by  the  American  Religious 
Education  Division  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  in 
November,  1919. 

Representing,  as  it  does,  the  first  survey  of  church  plants  by  means 
of  a  score  card,  the  Maiden  survey  marks  the  beginning  of  a  period 
of  church  development  in  which  the  building  takes  a  more  important 
part.  For  a  number  of  years  leaders  in  religious  education  have 
known  that  the  church  plant  has  an  important  role  in  the  successful 
carrying  on  of  the  church  work.  The  use  of  the  church  building 
as  an  outward  and  visible  sign  of  the  relative  numerical  or  financial 
strength  of  the  congregation  is  rapidly  disappearing.  False  pride 
and  denominational  rivalry  have  caused  the  erection  of  pretentious 
structures,  with  little  or  no  serious  thought  for  the  many  types  of 
service  to  be  rendered  by  the  building  other  than  as  the  meeting 
place  for  the  congregation  on  Sunday.  Now  the  churches  are  realiz- 
ing that  modern  economic  conditions,  the  specialization  of  industry, 
the  division  of  labor,  the  shorter  working  day,  the  new  and,  in  some 
respects,  disorganized  home  conditions,  have  produced  radical  social 
changes  in  which  the  churches  have  been  either  largely  eliminated  or 
disregarded.  To  meet  these  conditions  the  church  must  become 
an  active  factor  in  the  social  life  of  the  community. 

It  is  now  recognized  that  only  by  becoming  an  active  participant 
in  the  social  life  of  the  people  can  it  hope  to  modify  that  social  life, 
to  motivate  it  with  Christian  ideals.  In  order  to  make  this  active 
participation  possible  the  church  plant  must  offer  more  than  an  oppor- 
tunity for  a  weekly  sermon,  in  many  cases  connected  only  theoreti- 
cally with  the  life  of  the  week.  The  idea  of  a  community  church, 
or  a  community  service  church,  was  a  direct  outgrowth  of  this  con- 
ception. It  is  one  of  the  chief  functions  of  the  score  card  used  in  this 
survey  to  show  the  extent  to  which  the  physical  equipment  of  the 
various  churches  limits  or  restricts  their  possibilities  for  such  commu- 
nity service. 

The  principle  of  comparative  judgments  by  means  of  a  score  card 
is  by  no  means  new,  and  has  been  successfully  used  in  many  different 
fields,  particularly  in  the  measurement  of  the  efficiency  and  adequacy 
of  public  school  buildings.  In  this  last  field  the  use  of  the  score  card 


8  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

has  resulted  in  a  stronger  realization  of  the  inadequacies  of  existing 
buildings  aud  a  decided  emphasis  on  the  standards  set  in  the  different 
items. 

The  use  of  the  score  card  for  church  buildings  will  undoubtedly  show 
the  present  efficiency  or  inefficiency  of  church  buildings  and  it  will  as 
surely  determine  and  promulgate  the  highest  accepted  standards  for 
church  buildings  in  order  that  they  may  serve  all  their  present-day 
needs. 

The  following  seventeen  churches  and  religious  education  plants 
were  surveyed  in  Maiden: 

1.  Centre  Methodist  Church 

2.  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  Church 

3.  Faulkner  Methodist  Church 

4.  First  Baptist  Church 

5.  First  Trinitarian  Congregational  Church 

6.  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist  Church 

7.  Linden  Congregational  Church 

8.  Linden  Methodist  Church 

9.  Maplewood  Baptist  Church 

10.  Maplewood  Congregational  Church 

11.  Maplewood  Methodist  Church 

12.  Mystic  Side  Congregational  Church 

13.  People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene 

14.  Robinson  Methodist  Church 

15.  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church 

16.  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church 

17.  Union  Baptist  Church 

The  scoring  was  done  by  Prof.  N.  L.  Engelhardt,  Prof.  E.  S.  Evenden 
and  Dr.  F.  W.  Hart,  of  the  Department  of  Educational  Administra- 
tion of  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City, 
and  Dr.  E.  M.  Fergusson,  State  Superintendent  of  Religious  Educa- 
tion for  Massachusetts.  The  actual  visitation  of  buildings  occupied 
the  six  days  of  November  12,  13, 14  and  December  4,  5,  6, 1919. 

The  score  card  used  in  the  evaluation  of  the  efficiency  of  the  church 
and  religious  education  plants  of  Maiden  is  one  prepared  for  the 
scoring    of    city    churches    by   the    Religious    Education    Survey  ^ 
Department    of    the    Interchurch    World    Movement.      The    scores 
card  conceives  of  a  church  and  religious  education  plant  as   being 
divided  into  six  main  divisions  and  again  divides  each  main  division 
into  component  parts.     The  six  main  divisions  are:  I.  Site;  II.  Build- 
ing or  Buildings;  III.  Service  Systems;  IV.  Church  Rooms;  V.  Re- 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS       '       9 

ligious  School  Rooms;  VI.  Community  Service  Rooms.  These  main 
divisions  are  considered  in  the  light  of  one  hundred  and  twelve  sub- 
divisions of  the  score  card.  The  judgments  of  many  church  archi- 
tects, pastors  and  students  of  religious  education  problems  were 
utilized  before  the  final  selection  and  division  of  the  items  on  the  score 
card  were  made. 

The  judgments  of  large  groups  of  trained  men  and  women,  interested 
in  and  familiar  with  the  problems  involved  in  church  and  religious 
education  service,  were  also  used  in  the  distribution  of  points  among 
the  items  on  the  score  card.  It  was  arbitrarily  decided  that  1,000 
points  should  represent  the  perfect  church  plant.  The  number  of 
points  on  each  main  division  and  literal  subdivision  of  the  score  card 
is  the  median  or  middle  evaluation  placed  on  that  division  by  more 
than  twohundred  competent  judges.  In  other  words,  not  the  judg- 
ment oT~one  individual  or  a  small  group  of  individuals  decided  that 
the  one  thousand  points  should  be  divided  as  is  done  on  the  score  card, 
but  the  combined  judgments  of  this  large  group  form  the  basis  for 
the  division.  These  judges  decided  that  the  one  thousand  points  of  a 
perfect  score  should  be  divided  into : 

130  points  for  Site 

150  points  for  Building  or  Buildings 

160  points  for  Service  Systems 

170  points  for  Church  Rooms 

200  points  for  Religious  School  Rooms 

190  points  for  Community  Service  Rooms 

The  maximum  possible  scores  on  such  other  items  as  "Heating  and 
Ventilation,"  "Church  Auditorium,"  "Class  Rooms"  and  the  like 
were  determined  in  a  similar  manner  through  combining  the  judg- 
ments of  this  large  group  of  judges.  In  order  that  the  congregations 
of  the  churches  scored  may  more  clearly  realize  the  significance 
of  the  scores,  and  be  more  conversant  with  the  standards  set  for 
a  modern  church  building,  the  statement  of  detailed  standards  in 
the  light  of  which  the  scores  are  determined  is  given  in  full  on  pages 
166  to  204.* 

A  church  plant  meeting  all  the  requirements  set  forth  in  this  score  card 
would  score  one  thousand  points.  This  represents  the  maximum 
possible  score.  A  church  plant  which  scores  between  750  and  1,000 
points  must  be  a  high  grade  building,  because  scores  within  this  range 
can  only  be  secured  by  having  a  few  points  deducted  from  a  number  of 
the  items  or  by  noticeably  failing  to  meet  the  standards  in  one  or  two 

*As  given  here  the  standards  vary  in  a  few  minor  particulars  from  the  form 
used  in  Maiden. 


10 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY- 


SCORE  CARD  FOR  A  CITY  CHURCH  AND 
RELIGIOUS  EDUCATION  PLANT 


I.  SITE 

A.  Location 

1.  Accessibility 30 

2.  Environment 25 

B.  Nature  and  condition 

1.  Drainage  and  soil 15 

2.  Upkeep  of  site 

C.  Size  and  form  45 

II.  BUILDING  OR  BUILDINGS 

A.  Placement 

1.  Orientation _10 

2.  Position  on  site 10 

B.  Gross  structure 

1.  Type  and  esthetic  balance 20 

2.  Material 10 

3.  Height 5 

4.  Roof 5 

5.  Foundation 10 

6.  Walls 10 

7.  Entrances 5 

8.  Condition 15 

C.  Internal  structure 

1.  Stairways 10 

2.  Foyer  and  corridors 10 

3.  Basement _10 

4.  Decorative  attractiveness 20 

III.  SERVICE  SYSTEMS 

A.  Heating  and  ventilation 

1.  Kind ' 

2.  Installation 

3.  Air  supply 

4.  Fans  and  motors 

6.  Distribution JL 

6.  Temperature  control 5 

B.  Fire  protection  system 

1.  Apparatus »• 10 

2.  Fireproofness _15 

3.  Escapes 5 

4.  Electrical  wiring .. .  5. 

5.  Fire  doors 

6.  Exit  lights  and  signs  .. 

C.  Cleaning  system 

1.  Kind 2 

2.  Installation 

3.  Efficiency 5 


_55_L 


30    I 


45 


20    I 


50 


40 


40 


130 


150 


80   I          1 


160 


10    1         I 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


11 


SCORE  CARD 
(Continued) 


D.  Artificial  lighting  system I 15 

1.  Gas  and  electricity 2 

2.  Outlets  and  fixtures 5 

3.  Methods  and  illumination 8 

E.  Water  supply  system 

1.  Drinking 5 

2.  Washing 5 

3.  Hot  and  cold  water 5 

F.  Toilet  system |  25    I         I 

1.  Distribution 5 

2.  Fixtures 5 

3.  Adequacy  and  arrangement 8 

4.  Seclusion 2 

5.  Sanitation 5. 

G.  Other  service  systems   |  10    I         I 

1.  Clocks  and  signal  systems 5 

2.  Church  bells  and  chimes 2 

3.  Telephone  connections 2 

4.  Service  lifts 1. 

H.  Service  rooms |    5    I         I 

1.  Workshops. 2 

2.  Service  office .  2 

3.  Fuel  room I 

IV.   CHURCH  ROOMS 

A.  Convenience  of  arrangement 20  \         I  20 

B.  Auditorium llOO 

1.  Size  and  shape 15 

2.  Seating H| 

3.  Illumination 8 

4.  Walls  and  ceiling 5 

5.  Floor • 5 

6.  Balcony 8 

7.  Pulpit  and  platform 5 

8.  Baptismal  equipment 5 

9.  Communion  equipment 2 

10.  Organ  and  piano 15 

11.  Choir  gallery 10 

12.  Choir  rooms I  5 

13.  Acoustics 

14.  Visualization  equipment 

15.  Cloak  or  check  room I  2 

C.  Chapel  or  small  assembly 15  15 

D.  Parlor  and  church  board  room 5 

E.  Church  office , 10 10 

F.  Pastor's  study 15 15 

G.  Church  vault I  5 


170 


12 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


SCORE  CARD 
(Concluded) 

1 

2 

3 

V.  RELIGIOUS  SCHOOL  ROOMS  

200 

A.  Location  and  connection  

15 

15 

B.  Assembly  room  ,  

60 

1.  Size  and  shape  

10 

2.  Seating  

8 

3.  Illumination  

10 

4.  Walls,  ceiling  and  floor  

10 

5.  Stage  

10 

6.  Musical  equipment  

5 

7.  Visualization  equipment  

5 

8.  Auxiliaries  

2 

C.  Class  rooms  

90 

1    Adequacy  of  number  

HO 

2    Size  and  shape  

15 

3    Seats  and  desks  

10 

4    Illumination  

10 

5    Walls  and  ceilings  

5 

6    Floors           

5 

7.  Blackboards  and  bulletins  

5 

8    Doors  and  closets  :  

5 

9.  Instructional  equipment  

5 

D.  Cloak  rooms  and  wardrobes  

15 

15 

E    Superintendent's  office  

10 

10 

F.  Supply  rooms  

10 

10 

VI.   COMMUNITY  SERVICE  ROOMS.  .  . 

190  | 

A    Rooms  for  general  use  

60 

1.  Recreation  and  dining  

30 

2    Kitchen  

15 

3.  Library  and  reading  room  

15 

B    Rooms  for  social  service  

70 

1    Women  and  mothers'  room  

15 

2    Girls'  club  rooms  

.  10 

3    Men's  club  room  

il 

4    Boys'  club  rooms  

10 

5   Nurses'  and  rest  room  

8 

6    Day  nursery  room  

»j 

7    Civic  center       

5 

8   Social  workers'  office  

2 

C.  Recreation  and  athletic  rooms  

60 

1    Gymnasium  

20 

2   Locker  rooms           

10 

3    Showers        

10 

4    Swimming  pool     

5 

6    Hand-ball  court  

5 

6.  Game  and  amusement  rooms   .  . 

5 

7.  Bowling  alley  

5 

Total  possible  score  

1,000 

1,000 

l.OOOJ 

OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  13 

of  the  major  items.  This  latter  situation  may  arise  in  churches 
where  for  any  reason  they  do  not  wish  to  provide  for  items  set  forth 
in  the  standards. 

A  church  plant  which  scores  between  500  and  750  points  may  be 
considered  as  usable  but  so  inadequate  that  extensive  alterations 
and  additions  would  be  necessary  in  order  to  have  the  plant  serve  as 
anything  but  a  handicap  in  the  service  program  of  the  church.  The 
lower  the  score  within  this  range  the  more  extensive  and  the  more 
radical  the  changes  necessary  in  order  that  it  may  be  considered  in 
any  sense  satisfactory.  Any  building  scoring  below  500  can  be  eco- 
nomically abandoned  and  a  new  structure  erected,  provided  that  the 
group  using  the  church  wishes  to  have  it  meet  the  standards  as  they 
have  been  established  for  this  score  card. 

The  total  score  for  any  building  is  determined  by  the  score  given 
upon  the  six  main  items:  Site,  Building,  Service  Systems,  Church 
Rooms,  Religious  Instruction  Rooms  and  Community  Service 
Rooms.  A  summary  of  the  scores  given  on  these  items  and  the  total 
score  awarded  each  of  the  seventeen  churches  are  given  in  Table 
I  on  page  14.  This  table  gives  a  general  view  of  the  adequacy  of  the 
church  and  religious  education  plants  of  Maiden.  It  is  easily  seen 
by  comparisons  with  the  total  number  of  points  possible  for  each 
item,  that  even  in  the  three  items  in  which  Maiden  makes  its  most 
adequate  provision,  viz.,  Site,  Building  and  Church  Rooms,  the  city 
falls  far  short  of  standard  requirements  set  forth  in  the  score  card 
details.  Maiden  is  lamentably  weak  in  its  provision  for  Service  Sys- 
tems, for  Religious  School  Rooms  and  for  Community  Service  Rooms. 
Particularly  is  this  true  of  the  last  item.  In  the  first  column  of  Table 
I,  the  seventeen  church  and  religious  education  plants  are  ranked 
in  the  order  of  the  total  scores  allotted  each.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  highest  score  of  751  out  of  a  possible  1,000  points  has  been 
allotted  the  First  Baptist  plant.  The  Centre  Methodist  plant  has 
been  placed  second  with  a  score  of  554  points  while  the  Maplewood 
Congregational,  St.  Luke's  and  the  Union  Baptist  plants  have  been 
placed  at  the  lower  end  of  the  seventeen  with  scores  of  316,  303  and 
225,  respectively.  In  interpreting  the  scores,  it  is  best  to  consider 
them  as  being  located  within  certain  groups.  The  plant  with  the 
highest  score  is  located  in  the  750  to  800  point  group;  one  plant  is 
within  the  550  to  600  point  group;  one  in  the  500  to  550  point  group; 
one  within  the  450  to  500  point  group;  five  within  the  350  to  400  point 
group;  four  within  the  300  to  350  point  group,  and  one  below  the  300 
point  on  the  1,000  point  scale. 

Chart  I  presents  graphically  the  scores  of  Table  I  and  permits  a 


14 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


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OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


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16 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


clearer  visualization  of  the  situation  in  the  seventeen  plants,  together 
with  a  comparison  with  the  1,000  point  standard. 

In  discussing  the  scores  allotted  the  seventeen  plants  it  is  desirable 
to  treat  them  under  the  six  main  divisions  of  the  score  card.  De- 
tailed analyses  follow  for  each  of  these  items  with  reference  to  par- 
ticular situations  or  illustrations  to  make  clear  the  discussion.  A 
reference  to  Table  II  will  assist  in  forming  a  summary  regarding  the 
entire  situation  in  the  seventeen  plants  with  respect  to  the  six  major 
items.  In  Table  II  the  seventeen  plants  are  distributed  in  four 
groups  for  each  of  the  six  main  items  of  the  score  card.  In  group 
one  will  be  found  the  plants  which  have  been  allotted  76  to  100 
per  cent,  of  the  total  possible  score.  In  group  two  will  be  found  all 
churches  which  have  been  allotted  51  to  75  per  cent,  of  the  total  pos- 
sible score,  etc. 


TABLE  II 

Seventeen  Church  and  Religious  Education  Plants  of  Maiden, 

Massachusetts.  Distributed  Over  Percentage  Ranges  of  Efficiency 

as  Measured  by  the  Score  Card.     Based  on  Scores  Allotted  to 

Six  of  the  Major  Items. 


Item  Considered  in  Percentage 
Commutations 


0-25% 

26-50% 

51-75% 

76-100% 

I.    Site.. 

o 

2 

11 

4 

II.    Building  or  Buildings 

0 

g 

g 

1 

III.    Service  Systems.  ... 

5 

10 

1 

1 

IV.     Church  Rooms  

1 

4 

11 

1 

V.    Religious  School  Rooms  

3 

11 

3 

0 

VI.     Community  Service  Rooms  

14 

3 

0 

0 

Total  Scores  

1 

13 

2 

1 

Percentage  Ranges  and  Number 

of  Churches  Falling  Within 

Each  Percentage  Group 


A  second  interpretation  of  the  scores  may  be  made  from  Table  III, 
page  17.  The  seventeen  church  and  religious  education  plants  are 
distributed  in  four  groups  according  to  the  percentages  of  the  pos- 
sible maximum  scores  which  have  been  allotted  on  various  important 
sub-items  of  the  score  card. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


17 


Table  III  may  be  read  as  follows:  Ten  of  the  church  plants  have 
been  allotted  a  score  on  size  and  form  of  site  which  falls  between 
zero  and  25  per  cent,  of  the  total  possible  score.  It  will  be  seen  from 
Table  III  that  the  church  plants  of  Maiden  are  particularly  deficient 
with  respect  to  size  and  form  of  site,  fire  protection,  water  supply, 
rooms  for  social  service  and  rooms  for  recreation  and  athletics. 


TABLE  III 

Seventeen  Church  and  Religious  Education  Plants  of  Maiden, 

Massachusetts,  Distributed  Over  Percentage  Ranges  of  Efficiency 

as  Measured  by  the  Score  Card.     Based  on  Scores  Allotted  to 

Sixteen  of  the  More  Important  Sub-Items. 


Sixteen  of  the  More  Important 
Sub-Items 


0-25% 

26-50% 

51-75% 

76-100% 

Size  and  Form  of  Site 

10 

2 

4 

1 

Gross  Structure      .    . 

0 

10 

5 

2 

Internal  Structure  

3 

12 

1 

1 

Heating  and  Ventilating  

8 

8 

0 

1 

Fire  Protection 

15 

1 

1 

o 

Cleaning 

0 

8 

3 

6 

Artificial  Lighting 

1 

5 

9 

2 

Water  Supply  

11 

5 

0 

1 

Toilet  System  

6 

7 

3 

1 

Church    Rooms,    Convenience    and    Ar- 
rangement 

3 

4 

6 

4 

Auditorium 

o 

2 

11 

4 

Sunday  School  Assembly 

1 

11 

4 

1 

Sunday  School  Class  Room 

4 

9 

4 

0 

Community  Service  Rooms  —  General  .  .  . 
Rooms  for  Social  Service  .  . 

6 
14 

8 
2 

1 
1 

2 
0 

Rooms  for  Recreation  and  Athletics  .... 

17 

0 

0 

0 

Percentage  Ranges  and  Number 

of  Churches  Falling  Within 

Each  Percentage  Group 


In  the  following  pages  are  given  summary  scores  of  the  seventeen 
plants,  with  brief  general  statements  concerning  each  plant.  The 
exteriors  of  all  plants  are  presented  in  connection  with  these  sum- 
maries and  statements. 


18 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  19 


First  Baptist  Church 


Score  Card  Item 
I.  Site 

Allotted  Score 
105 

Maximum 
Possible  Score 
130 

II.   Building  or  Buildings  

131 

150 

III.   Service  Systems     .    .    . 

135 

160 

IV.  Church  Rooms  

152 

170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms  .  .  . 

140 

200 

VI.   Community  Service  Rooms. 

88 

190 

Total 751  1,000 


The  score  allotted  to  this  church  and  religious  education  plant 
indicates  that  in  many  ways  it  conforms  to  the  standards  developed 
for  an  ideal  plant.  The  buildings  are  located  at  the  intersection  of 
two  of  the  main  streets  of  the  city  and  in  close  proximity  to  other 
community  buildings  such  as  the  public  library  and  the  public  high 
school.  The  buildings  would  make  an  attractive  addition  to  any 
community. 

The  outstanding  features  of  this  plant  are  the  well-planned  auditor- 
ium, the  satisfactory  service  systems,  the  large  number  of  high  grade 
and  separate  classrooms  and  the  exceptionally  well-equipped  kitchen. 
The  limitations  of  the  site,  the  unsatisfactory  natural  lighting  of 
some  of  the  rooms,  and  the  omission  of  certain  community  service 
rooms  included  in  the  score  card  have  placed  this  building  in  the  700- 
800  point  group.  Because  the  main  church  is  a  reconstructed  build- 
ing with  the  limitations  which  that  puts  upon  room  arrangement 
and  the  like,  the  First  Baptist  does  not  receive  the  perfect  score  on  a 
number  of  items.  It  is  the  loss  of  the  few  points  on  many  items 
which  reduces  the  total  score,  and  not  the  failure  to  provide  accom- 
modation for  all  forms  of  service. 


20  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION  2.     CENTRE  METHODIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  21 


Centre  Methodist  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.   Site 70  130 

II.   Building 86  150 

III.  Service  Systems 81  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 121  170 

V.   Religious  School  Rooms. . 119  200 

VI.  Community  Service  Rooms.  ...             77  190 


Total 554  1,000 


The  emphasis  placed  by  this  church  upon  a  high-grade  church  audi- 
torium with  its  desirable  equipment  and  upon  a  religious  school 
equipment  which  permits  of  the  segregation  of  many  classes  is  evi- 
denced in  the  detail  score  given  these  items.  The  building  is  located 
on  a  corner  site  with  non-fireproof  business  houses  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood.  The  size  of  the  site  has  necessitated  building  up- 
ward. This  has  produced  a  second  story  auditorium  and  a  three 
story  school  building,  which  should  be  allowed  only  in  highly  fire 
resistive  construction.  No  out-of-door  activities  are  possible  on  this 
site.  The  location  of  this  downtown  church  opens  great  possibilities 
for  community  service  which  cannot  be  adequately  met  by  the  lim- 
ited existing  provisions.  The  vacuum  cleaning  and  elevator  service 
installations  are  striking  features  of  this  plant. 


22 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  23 


First  Parish  in  Maiden.  Universalist 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 100  130 

II.  Building 110  150 

III.  Service  Systems 68  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 116  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms .......            105  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms.  ...  48  190 


Total 547  1,000 


Conspicuously  and  pleasingly  located  on  an  intersection  of  streets 
the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist,  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
and  attractive  churches  in  Maiden.  It  is  unfortunate  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  service  which  this  church  should  render  that  so  pictur- 
esque an  exterior  should  be  handicapped  by  an  interior  equipment  and 
arrangement  inadequate  in  many  respects.  A  beautiful  auditorium 
is  partially  spoiled  by  insufficient  light,  the  corridors  are  narrow  and 
poorly  arranged,  the  stairways  are  winding  and  inadequate,  the  class- 
rooms are  too  few  in  number,  poorly  lighted  and  poorly  equipped; 
the  service  systems  are  in  many  cases  inadequate,  while  the  element 
of  fire  protection  has  received  very  little  consideration,  either  in  the 
basement  where  the  furnace  is  located,  or  in  the  ease  with  which  large 
numbers  can  get  from  one  part  of  the  building  to  another.  The 
church  has  made  commendable  provision  for  some  forms  of  special 
service  neglected  in  many  of  the  other  churches  in  Maiden,  even 
though  these  do  not  meet  the  standards  set  by  the  score  card.  Some 
of  these  are  the  pastor's  study,  recreation  room,  auditorium  with 
stage,  and  dining  room  and  kitchen.  The  convenience  of  the  rooms 
and  the  service  of  the  church  could  be  materially  increased  if  several 
of  the  rooms  vvere  rearranged  with  this  in  mind. 


24 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  25 


St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 85  130 

II.  Building 94  150 

III.  Service  Systems 59  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 112  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms. 85  200 

VI.   Community  Service  Rooms.  ...             34  190 

Total..                                             469  1,000 


If  the  high  standard  set  in  the  construction  of  the  new  church  audi- 
torium section  of  this  plant  had  prevailed  throughout,  the  score 
allotted  would  have  been  very  much  higher.  This  new  section  ac- 
counts for  the  112  points  on  church  rooms  and  for  much  of  the  score 
on  Item  II.  It  is  hoped  that,  when  the  old  sections  of  this  plant  are 
replaced  by  new  buildings,  the  standards  of  this  score  card  will  be 
used  as  a  guide.  There  will  be  a  distinct  need  for  additional  land  if 
the  desirable  standards  are  reached.  It  has  already  been  recognized 
by  the  members  of  St.  Paul's  Church  that  the  present  school  and  com- 
munity provisions  are  totally  inadequate. 

The  attractive  elements  in  the  present  situation  are  the  harmonious 
relationship  between  the  landscape  and  the  new  building  and  the  ease 
of  entrance  and  exit  to  the  new  building. 


26 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  27 


Robinson  Methodist  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 87  130 

II.  Building 82  150 

III.  Service  Systems 56  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 88  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms. . 76  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms 30  190 

Total..                                             419  1,000 


This  church,  like  a  number  of  others,  has  had  its  greatest  emphasis 
placed  upon  a  good  church  auditorium  with  only  slight  attention 
paid  to  the  other  needs  and  services  of  such  a  plant.  The  building 
is  of  frame  construction,  pleasantly  situated  in  a  residential  section, 
but  on  a  very  limited  site. 

The  church  is  unfortunate  in  its  main  entrance  and  in  its  second  story 
auditorium.  The  present  structure  is  the  result  of  an  addition  to 
an  older  building.  A  better  plan  would  have  involved  discarding 
the  old  structure,  increasing  the  size  of  the  site  and  building  a  fire- 
resistive  structure  which  embodied  the  standards  set  up  by  modern 
needs. 

Attractive  elements  in  this  situation  are  the  library  and  the  homelike 
tendency  in  the  rooms  of  the  first  floor. 


28 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  29 


Faulkner  Methodist  Church 


Score  Card  Item 
I.  Site                      

Allotted  Score 
93 

Maximum 
Possible  Score 
130 

II    Building                          

99 

150 

Ill    Service  Systems 

73 

160 

IV.    Church  Rooms               

77 

170 

V    Religious  School  Rooms 

....         54 

200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms. 

10 

190 

Total.  .  406  1,000 


This  church  presents  an  attractive  exterior.  Although  its  construc- 
tion is  recent  as  compared  with  that  of  many  of  the  other  Maiden 
plants,  there  is  little  evidence  of  planning  for  the  future  in  its  site, 
the  plan  of  the  building  or  its  equipment. 

The  site,  although  much  more  satisfactory  than  others,  will  never 
suffice  for  a  large  community  plant,  the  need  for  which  will  arise  in 
this  locality.  The  building  lacks  to  a  large  degree  desirable  educa- 
tional and  community  service  provisions.  The  attractive  elements 
in  the  case  are  the  artificial  lighting  of  the  auditorium  and  the 
pleasing  exterior.  Little  else  about  the  building  commends  itself 
for  mention. 


30  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


i    _  .11  L        . 

ILLUSTRATION  7.     LINDEN  METHODIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  31 


Linden  Methodist  Church 


Score  Card  Item 
I.  Site      

Allotted  Score 

77 

Maximum 
Possible  Score 
130 

II.  Building 

93 

150 

III.  Service  Systems 

54 

160 

IV.    Church  Rooms  

86 

170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms 

69 

200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms. 

22 

190 

Total 401  1,000 


This  small  plant  is  one  of  the  best  maintained  of  the  seventeen.  Its 
interior  is  fairly  well  planned.  The  desire  to  keep  costs  at  the  lowest 
possible  point  is  evident,  however,  in  many  elements  of  construction, 
such  as  the  plaster  board  walls  of  the  basement  rooms,  the  heating 
ducts  and  the  concrete  basement  floors. 

This  building  was  scrupulously  clean  throughout.  Its  equipment  was 
simple,  yet  well  cared  for.  Its  ornamentation  was  inexpensive  yet 
attractive  and  gave  evidence  of  much  thought. 

No  doubt,  although  the  site  is  small,  the  service  systems  limited,  and 
auxiliary  rooms  few  in  number,  the  plant  is,  in  many  respects,  effi- 
ciently serving  its  patrons. 


32 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OFMALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  33 


Mystic  Side  Congregational  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                              Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 103  130 

II.  Building 70  150 

III.  Service  Systems 30  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 98  170 

V.   Religious  School  Rooms.. 71       .  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms 27  190 


Total. .  399  1,000 


This  church  falls  in  the  350-400  point  group.  The  outstanding  fea- 
tures of  the  plant  are  the  relatively  large  site,  the  attractive  front 
classroom  and  the  businesslike  pastor's  study. 

The  congregation  has  outgrown  this  plant  and  has  already  planned 
to  build  a  new  structure.  It  is  hoped  that  the  faults  of  the  old  build- 
ing will  be  eliminated  in  the  new.  In  this  building  the  fire  danger  is 
ever  present,  the  kitchen  facilities  are  very  poor,  the  toilets  fail  to 
reach  a  satisfactory  standard,  storerooms  are  inadequate,  the  light- 
ing system  is  defective,  the  kindergarten  room  unfortunately  placed 
and  many  desirable  features  are  lacking  entirely. 


34 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION  9.     PEOPLE'S  PENTECOSTAL  CHURCH  OF  THE  NAZARENE 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  35 


People's  Pentecostal  Church  of  the  Nazarene 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 75  130 

II.  Building 79  150 

III.  Service  Systems 48  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 95  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms 67  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms.  ...  16  190 

Total..  380  1,000 


This  church  is  well  located  on  a  corner  lot  and  so  orientated  as  to 
command  the  best  possible  lighting.  It  is  a  relatively  new  structure 
but  of  a  construction  more  typical  of  residences  than  of  churches. 
The  site  is  so  small  that  the  church  almost  stands  on  the  sidewalk. 
The  interior  of  the  church  is  very  attractive,  with  plain  walls,  well- 
harmonized  woodwork,  artistic  and  efficient  indirect  lights  and  new 
and  well-kept  furniture.  The  general  effect  is  somewhat  spoiled  by 
some  large  water  stains  on  the  walls  resulting  from  leaks,  which  in 
turn  were  results  of  light  construction.  The  basement  is  very  small, 
extremely  low  and  entirely  exposed  to  fire  risks  from  the  furnaces. 
The  provision  for  religious  education  rooms  is  convenient  as  an  en- 
largement of  the  auditorium,  but  neither  well-arranged  nor  adequate 
for  graded  instruction.  The  fact  that  the  pastor's  home  is  attached 
to  the  church  makes  it  possible  for  him  to  be  directly  in  touch  with 
the  work  of  the  church.  The  score  of  this  church  is  lower  than  it 
otherwise  would  be  because  of  the  entire  absence  of  all  rooms  for 
community  service — a  provision  which  the  church  does  not  believe 
in  making. 


36 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION   IO.      FIRST  TRINITARIAN  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  37 


First  Trinitarian  Congregational  Church 

Maximum 
Score  Card  Item  Allotted  Score       Possible  Score 

I.  Site 70  130 

II.  Building 59  150 

III.  Service  Systems 49  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 93  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms. 61  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms.  ...  31  190 


Total 363  1,COO 


Constructed  long  before  the  extensive  community  service  suggested 
by  the  score  card  standards  was  required  of  churches,  this  plant  is 
found  deficient  in  many  particulars.  The  maintenance  of  this  build- 
ing has  been  high-grade  with  the  exception  of  the  basement.  Its 
location  was  at  one  time  much  more  desirable  than  today.  The  en- 
vironment indicates  that  the  church  is  gradually  being  crowded  out 
by  industrial  and  commercial  developments. 

The  largest  number  of  points  has  been  allotted  this  building  in  its 
church  rooms,  especially  its  auditorium.  The  almost  total  lack  of 
classrooms,  the  limitations  of  the  community  service  rooms  and  its 
non-standard  service  systems  account  for  much  of  the  low  score. 


38 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION    II.      EASTERN  AVENUE  BAPTIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  39 


Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 61  130 

II.  Building 80  150 

III.  Service  Systems 58  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 105  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms 44  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms.  ...             11  .     190 

Total 359  1,000 


This  church  has  little  to  recommend  it  to  the  passerby.  Its  site  is 
undesirable  and  the  building  in  many  ways  does  not  even  resemble 
a  church.  Its  interior,  however,  is  commendable  in  many  respects, 
which  accounts  for  its  receiving  a  higher  score  than  would  appear 
warranted  from  an  outside  view.  The  building  is  scrupulously  clean 
even  to  the  basement,  the  decoration  of  walls  and  ceiling  is  recent, 
harmonious  and  attractive  and  the  service  systems,  while  far  from 
standard,  are  efficient  and  in  a  good  state  of  upkeep.  The  congrega- 
tion has  given  most  of  its  attention  to  the  efficiency  of  its  church  rooms 
which  receive  a  relatively  high  score.  In  addition  to  the  main  audi- 
torium, provision  has  also  been  made  for  a  small  assembly  room 
which  can  also  serve  for  church  board  meetings,  for  a  special  room 
equipped  for  communion  services,  for  a  pastor's  study  and  for  a  church 
office. 

When  the  plans  that  are  now  being  discussed  for  finishing  the  base- 
ment and  making  adequate  provision  for  preparation  rooms  for  bap- 
tismal ceremonies  are  made  actualities,  this  church  will  find  its  oppor- 
tunities much  increased  and  will  be  approaching  a  maximum  use  of  a 
poor  building. 


40 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION   12.      MAPLEWOOD  BAPTIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  41 


Maplewood  Baptist  Church 


Score  Card  Item 
I.  Site 

Allotted  Score 
71 

Maximum 
Possible  Score 
130 

II.  Building         .  .  

56 

150 

III.   Service  Systems   

41 

160 

IV.    Church  Rooms 

87 

170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms  
VI.    Community  Service  Rooms.  . 

65 
31 

200 
190 

Total 351  1,000 


The  total  score  allotted  this  church  is  practically  the  same  as  that 
for  the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist,  although  the  exterior  views  would 
not  show  them  equal.  The  Maplewood  Baptist  is  a  distinctly  church- 
like  frame  structure  but  there  is  little  to  commend  in  its  internal 
structure.  The  building  has  not  been  recently  redecorated,  and  little 
attention  has  been  paid  to  general  esthetic  effect.  The  building  is  a 
fire-trap  from  the  rubbish-strewn,  ash-filled  basement  to  the  paper- 
filled  closet  under  the  roof.  The  service  systems  are  old,  insufficient 
and  poorly  installed,  particularly  the  heating,  lighting,  and  toilet 
systems.  The  religious  school  rooms  are  too  few,  poorly  arranged, 
and  equipped  with  old  and  uncomfortable  furniture. 

The  church  is  used  for  some  community  activities  now,  though  its 
equipment  for  this  form  of  service  is  very  inadequate  and  in  a  dis- 
couragingly  poor  condition.  A  church  library  is  provided  though 
it  has  the  appearance  of  being  seldom  used.  It  would  be  possible 
greatly  to  increase  the  community  service  of  this  present  plant, 
although  no  amount  of  remodelling  would  make  it  approach  the  stand- 
ards for  the  various  items. 


42  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION   13.     LINDEN  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH 


OF    MA  L  DEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  43 


Linden  Congregational  Church 


Score  Card  Item 
I.  Site            

Allotted  Score 
68 

Maximum 
Possible  Score 
130 

II.  Building                          

71 

150 

Ill    Service  Systems 

39 

160 

IV.    Church  Rooms  

61 

150 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms 

66 

200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms. 

25 

190 

Total..  330  1,000 


The  Linden  Congregational  Church  was  allotted  about  one-third  of 
its  possible  score.  This  is  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  it  is  a  small 
church  serving  a  small  congregation  and  seriously  limited  not  only 
in  its  equipment  but  also  in  the  lines  of  activity  it  can  support.  It  is 
possible  that  much  more  would  be  gained  if  congregations  of  this 
size  would  give  up  a  little  of  the  convenience  of  easy  accessibility 
and  attend  a  larger  community  center  church  which  possesses  the 
physical  equipment  necessary  for  a  richer  program  of  religious  in- 
struction and  community  service. 

The  site  of  this  church  is  too  small  for  anything  but  the  building  to 
stand  upon  and  is  also  poorly  drained.  The  present  building  serves 
as  a  handicap,  not  only  because  of  the  meager  number  of  rooms  avail- 
able but  also  because  of  their  poor  equipment.  The  main  auditor- 
ium being  on  the  second  floor  with  inadequate  means  of  access  is 
a  source  of  both  inconvenience  and  danger,  even  though  it  makes 
possible  a  first  or  ground  floor  without  any  excavation  for  a  basement. 


44  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION    14.      MAPLEWOOD  METHODIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  45 


Maplewood  Methodist  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 78  130 

II.  Building 71  150 

III.  Service  Systems 26  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 87  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms 55  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms 12  190 

Total 329  1,000 


This  is  another  church  which  reaches  about  one-third  of  its  possible 
efficiency  as  shown  by  its  total  score.  For  reasons  previously  given, 
probably  it  would  better  be  abandoned  in  order  that  its  congregation 
might  join  forces  with  some  larger,  better  equipped  church. 

The  building  is  old  and  poorly  arranged.  The  rooms  used  for  religious 
instruction  are  well  grouped  although  they  are  inconvenient  of  ac- 
cess and  poorly  furnished.  The  service  systems — heating,  lighting, 
toilet,  water  supply  and  fire  protection  are  among  the  poorest  in  all 
of  the  churches  in  the  city.  As  in  many  of  the  smaller  churches, 
the  auditorium  is  the  most  commendable  room  of  the  church,  but 
this  one  is  made  less  so  by  being  on  the  second  floor  and  provided  with 
very  inadequate  stairways.  Almost  no  effort  has  been  made  to  do 
any  form  of  community  service  other  than  the  traditional,  distinctly 
religious  forms.  The  present  church  plant  would  seriously  lessen 
the  chances  of  success  for  any  such  program. 


46 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION   15.      MAPLEWOOD  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  47 


Maplewood  Congregational  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 60  130 

II.  Building 64  150 

III.  Service  Systems 45  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 69  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms 60  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms.  ...  18  190 


Total..  316  1,000 


This  frame  church  is  built  on  a  site  inadequate  for  any  other  purpose 
than  the  location  of  a  building.  The  site  is  on  such  a 'steep  slope 
that  it  prevents  the  use  of  any  part  of  it  or  of  nearby  ground  if 
acquired  for  any  service.  Landscape  effects  are  almost  impossible 
and  the  low,  swampy  land  at  the  rear  of  the  site  prevents  any  ex- 
pansion in  that  direction.  The  main  elements  in  this  situation 
are  a  church  auditorium,  rather  severe  but  well  maintained  and  a 
school  assembly  room  about  which  there  is  little  semblance  of  modern- 
ity. With  limited  equipment,  a  paucity  of  classrooms  and  almost 
no  suitable  service  rooms,  this  plant  can  render  only  in  slight  degree 
the  community  service  which  might  be  possible. 


48 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  49 


St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church 

Maximum 

Score  Card  Item                             Allotted  Score  Possible  Score 

I.  Site 71  130 

II.  Building 63  150 

III.  Service  Systems 30  160 

IV.  Church  Rooms 79  170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms 44  200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms.  ...              16  190 


Total 303  1,000 


Although  this  church  is  located  in  one  of  the  less  densely  settled  sec- 
tions of  Maiden,  its  buildings  cover  a  very  large  part  of  its  site. 
The  Linden  section  of  Maiden  cannot  adequately  support  three  or 
four  large  community  service  church  and  religious  education  plants. 
The  inadequate  plants  which  exist  there  today  are  evidence  of  this 
fact.  A  cooperative  community  spirit  should  produce  one  large 
community  house  for  this  section.  Such  a  plan  need  not  interfere 
with  differences  in  forms  of  worship  but  could  assure  religious  educa- 
tion for  the  children  and  service  for  adults  far  beyond  what  has  been 
found  possible  in  the  existing  churches. 

The  present  St.  Luke's  plant  has  little  to  commend  it.  It  represents 
the  struggle  of  a  small  group  to  secure  that  which  could  only  be  ob- 
tained through  a  much  greater  consolidation  of  interests.  The  pro- 
visions for  classrooms,  the  meagerly  equipped  auditorium,  the  poorly 
furnished  kitchen,  the  unfinished  basement,  are  all  evidences  of 
hopes  unfulfilled. 


It 


50  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION   17.      UNION  BAPTIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


51 


Union  Baptist  Church 


Score  Card  Item 
I.  Site      

Allotted  Score 
98 

Maximum 
Possible  Score 
130 

II.  Building          - 

44 

150 

III.  Service  Systems  

26 

160 

IV.    Church  Rooms 

37 

170 

V.  Religious  School  Rooms  .... 

13 

200 

VI.    Community  Service  Rooms. 

7 

190 

Total 


225 


1,000 


About  half  of  the  score  on  this  building  has  been  allotted  to  the 
site.  There  is  little  else  about  this  plant  that  has  anything  to  com- 
mend it.  It  represents  very  little  achievement  on  the  part  of  any 
community  group  and  should  be  replaced  at  the  earliest  moment 
by  a  standard  plant. 


ILLUSTRATION   1 8.      BASEMENT  OP  UNION  BAPTIST  CHURCH 


52 CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

CHAPTER  II 

Item  L    The  Sites  of  the  Seventeen  Church 
and  Religious  Education  Plants 


F 


ROM  an  examination  of  the  total  scores  allotted  on  "Site"  for 
the  different  churches  it  is  obvious  that  insufficient  attention 
has  been  given  to  this  important  item. 

At  the  present  time  it  may  fairly  be  said  that  there  is  not  a  single  one 
of  the  seventeen  church  sites  of  Maiden  that  does  not  decidedly 
restrict  the  opportunity  of  its  church  for  real  community  service. 
The  three  best  sites  are,  in  order,  those  of  the  First  Baptist,  the  Mystic 
Side  Congregational  and  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist. 
These  three  have  a  little  more  ground  than  is  necessary  for  the  build- 
ings, which  could  be  used  for  several  outdoor  purposes  in  addition  to 
providing  the  essential  feature  of  decorative  and  attractive  grounds. 
Very  little  has  been  done  in  this  last  respect  on  many  of  the  church 
sites  of  Maiden.  Many  of  the  grounds  were,  when  visited,  unattrac- 
tive, poorly  cared  for  and,  in  several  cases,  littered  with  rubbish, 
broken  glass  and  ether  discarded  matter.  The  church  which  wishes 
to  be  a  community  center  should  realize  that  it  must  offer  an  attrac- 
tive and  inviting  exterior.  Some  of  the  places,  whose  influence  the 
church  is  seeking  to  replace,  have  long  demonstrated  their  recognition 
of  the  value  of  an  attractive  exterior. 

The  total  score  for  "Site"  is  composed  of  the  score  given  on  the  three 
elements  which  determine  the  desirability  of  a  site,  viz.,  location, 
nature  and  condition,  and  size  and  form.  The  total  and  relative 
scores  given  on  these  items  are  shown  in  Table  IV  and  Chart  II. 
The  lower  charts  show  the  upper  chart  divided  according  to  the 
major  sub-divisions  of  the  Item — Site.  A  more  detailed  discussion 
of  these  elements  in  relation  to  the  sites  in  Maiden  will  give  a  much 
more  accurate  idea  of  real  needs  in  this  matter. 

A.     Location 

The  score  on  location  is  made  from  the  two  items  of  accessibility 
and  environment.  In  this  item  the  church  and  religious  education 
plants  of  Maiden  score  relatively  high,  the  range  being  between 
thirty-seven  and  fifty  out  of  a  possible  fifty-five  points.  This  is  due 
largely  to  the  high  score  given  most  of  the  sites  on  accessibility.  This 
is  the  result  of  two  conditions;  first,  the  fairly  adequate  street  rail- 


OF-MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  53 

way  system  and  the  hard  surface  roads  which  make  the  churches 
rather  easy  of  access  and  second,  the  scattering  of  small  churches 
of  several  of  the  denominations  over  the  city  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  congregations  do  not  have  far  to  go.  Because  of  these  two  items 
the  scores  would  indicate  that  the  churches  were  better  located  than 
they  really  are.  Maiden  as  a  city  is  the  result  of  a  union  of  small 
communities.  In  each  of  these,  denominational  churches  had  been 
organized  and  had  tended  to  gather  their  patrons  into  the  vicinity 
of  the  church.  Consequently,  even  now  the  religious  map  of  the  city 
will  show  small  colonies,  as  it  were,  of  a  particular  church  creed 
grouped  about  the  several  churches.  The  churches  are  consequently 
quite  uniformly  accessible.  Some  of  the  same  sites  would  not  be 
given  as  high  a  score  on  this  point  were  they  to  serve  a  larger  group. 
Some  of  the  churches,  such  as  the  First  Baptist,  the  Centre  Methodist 
the  First  Congregational  and  the  Mystic  Side  Congregational,  are 
rendered  more  accessible  by  virtue  of  the  street  car  lines,  but  they  are 
also  so  close  to  busy  lines  that  the  noise  of  the  cars  as  well  as  the  dan- 
ger of  street  crossing  are  distinct  disadvantages. 

The  second  item  which  determines  the  score  given  on  location  is 
the  environment.  The  established  standards  maintain  that  the  en- 
vironment should  be  attractive  and  that  the  adjoining  property 
should  be  clean  and  well  kept.  It  is  next  to  impossible  to  meet  this 
standard  in  the  distinctly  down-town  church,  the  one  surrounded 
with  business  houses  of  all  kinds.  Such  a  church  rarely  has  site 
enough  to  prevent  some  of  the  windows  from  opening  upon  the  back 
yard  of  a  restaurant,  the  rear  of  a  theatre  or  some  other  equally  un- 
attractive outlook. 

The  general  environment  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  is  materially 
heightened  by  the  presence  of  the  public  library.  This  is  clearly 
shown  in  illustration  1,  page  18,  which  shows  the  location  of  the 
First  Baptist  plant  at  one  of  the  most  central  street  intersections  in  the 
city.  The  increased  effect  which  can  be  secured  by  planning  build- 
ings, which  are  to  serve  community  needs,  in  architectural  harmony 
with  each  other  is  quite  evident  in  this  case.  Such  proximity  causes 
each  building  to  render  the  other  more  imposing  without  in  any  way 
detracting  from  it.  The  general  neighborhood  of  the  First  Parish 
in  M^alden  Universalist  Church  is  attractive,  as  is  that  of  St.  Paul's, 
to  a  certain  degree.  There  are  elements  of  attractiveness  in  the  loca- 
tion of  other  plants,  such  as  the  Mystic  Side  Congregational  and  the 
Robinson  Methodist.  Illustrations  No.  8  and  No.  5,  pages  32 
and  26  show  these  buildings  located  in  their  general  environment. 
There  is  every  evidence  that  the  location  of  the  majority  of  the  seven- 
teen plants  was  not  prompted  by  visions  of  extensive  community 


54 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVE.Y 


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OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


55 


56  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

service  or  with  the  purpose  of  making  such  plants  the  center  about 
which  a  group  of  homes  might  rise  which  were  all  to  be  welded  to- 
gether into  a  community  by  this  common  agency,  the  church.  In 
some  cases,  the  churches  are  not  surrounded  by  well-maintained 
homes  nor  are  there  evidences  that  the  presence  of  the  church  in 
certain  sections  has  in  any  great  degree  produced  betterment  in  the 
kinds  of  yards  and  lawns  which  its  neighbors  maintain.  It  might  be 
expected  that  the  church,  through  its  immediate  environment  and 
general  exterior  should  establish  standards  for  its  own  community. 
This  has  not  become  an  accepted  policy  in  Maiden.  From  the  stand- 
point of  unattractiveness  of  environment  probably  the  three  most 
undesirable  sites  are  the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist,  the  First  Congre- 
gational and  the  Maplewood  Congregational.  In  the  latter  instance 
the  church  is  located  on  the  edge  of  a  low,  unattractive,  marshy  piece 
of  land  with  no  chance  to  expand  in  any  direction  save  into  the 
swamp.  The  environment  of  this  church  is  shown  in  illustration  23, 
page  60.  The  environment  of  both  sides  of  the  First  Congregational 
as  seen  in  illustrations  19  and  21,  page  57,  is  exceedingly  undesirable 
for  a  community  church  plant.  American  cities  may  be  expected 
to  develop  programs  of  cleanliness  and  upkeep  which  will  eliminate 
unnecessary  dumps,  refuse  piles  and  indiscriminate  scattering  of 
waste  matter.  Churches  may  be  powerful  agencies  in  this  develop- 
ment by  beginning  at  home  and  prevailing  upon  their  neighbors  to 
adopt  this  more  sane  and  healthful  policy. 

The  immediate  environment  of  St.  Paul's  and  the  plant  of  the  First 
Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist,  as  seen  in  illustrations  4  and  3, 
pages  24  and  22,  shows  how  much  two  of  the  churches  are  contributing 
toward  beautifying  their  neighborhood. 

The  small  size  of  some  of  the  church  sites  has  made  it  possible  for 
adjoining  landowners  to  build  frame  buildings  in  close  proximity  to 
the  church  structures.  Thus  the  fire  danger  has  been  considerably 
increased,  especially  in  the  case  of  the  frame  church  buildings.  It 
seems  reasonable  to  expect  that  a  building,  erected  through  the  com- 
bined efforts  of  a  group  of  people  and  intended  for  common  service, 
should  be  safeguarded  from  the  fire  danger  which  an  individual  creates 
when  he  places  his  frame  residence  within  a  very  short  distance  from 
the  church.  An  undesirable  environment  of  a  church  due  to  the 
congestion  of  buildings  is  seen  in  illustration  9,  page  34.  of  the 
People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene. 

B.    Nature  and  Condition 

The  second  major  item  in  determining  the  score  given  on  "Site"  is 
the  item  of  "Nature  and  Condition."  This  is  given  a  possible  thirty 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  57 


ILLUSTRATION  19.      ENVIRONMENT  OF  FIRST   CONGREGATIONAL.  CHURCH 


ILLUSTRATION    2O.      BLANK    WALL    OF  ILLUSTRATION    21.       SIDE    VIEW    OF 

PARISH  HOUSE,  FIRST  BAPTIST  CHURCH.  FIRST       CONGREGATIONAL      CHURCH 

THIS  ^PREVENTS    ADEQUATE    LIGHTING  SHOWING     HOW     ADJOINING     BUILD- 
OF  LARGE  ROOMS  ING  SHADOWS  A  CLASS  ROOM 


58  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

points  of  130  allotted  to  site.  This  is  considered  under  the  two  heads 
drainage  and  soil,  and  upkeep  of  site,  each  being  responsible  for  fif- 
teen of  the  thirty  points.  The  topography  of  Maiden  affords  many 
opportunities  for  the  strategic  locations  of  churches.  The  original 
buyers  of  some  of  the  church  sites  apparently  lacked  the  vision  to 
avail  themselves  of  such  opportunities.  The  church  structures  them- 
selves have  in  some  instances  had  no  strengthening  contribution 
made  to  them  from  the  site  because  of  the  original  failure  to  consider 
sufficiently  the  element  of  elevation.  A  community  building  located 
on  any  ordinary  residence  site,  such  as  the  Maplewood  Congrega- 
tional, Maplewood  Methodist,  and  Linden  Congregational,  has  been 
handicapped  from  the  beginning  since  it  loses  its  outstanding  char- 
acter. Where  lawns  were  in  poor  condition  the  deficiency  seemed 
not  due  to  faulty  soil  but  to  failure  on  the  part  of  the  church  to  set 
up  its  site  as  a  model  for  the  community.  It  is  possible  for  a  church 
to  maintain  its  entire  site  at  a  high  standard.  The  grounds  of  the 
First  Baptist  or  the  Faulkner  and  the  Robinson  Methodist  churches, 
as  seen  in  illustrations  1,  6  and  5,  pages  18,  6  and  26,  are  evidences 
of  this  fact.  The  grounds  of  the  Mystic  Side  Congregational  with 
its  overgrowth  of  weeds  and  refuse  dumps,  of  the  Maplewood  Con- 
gregational, and  Maplewood  Baptist,  illustrate  the  undesirable  situ- 
ation with  respect  to  condition  and  upkeep  of  site. 

C.    Size  and  Form 

The  third  major  item  in  determining  the  score  on  "Site"  is  the  "size 
and  form"  which  is  given  forty-five  of  the  possible  130  points.  The 
situation  in  Maiden  is  noticeably  deficient  in  the  size  and  form  of  the 
various  church  sites.  The  scores  given  range  from  five  points  to  thirty 
out  of  a  possible  forty-five.  In  no  case  is  the  site  large  enough  to 
provide  playgrounds,  tennis  courts,  a  baseball  ground  or  space  for 
other  athletic  facilities.  The  site  of  the  Mystic  Side  Congregational 
Church  presents  the  best  opportunities  for  such  activities  and  is 
desirable  in  form  except  that  it  is  too  steep  and  rocky  to  be  of  much 
use  for  outside  activities  without  much  expense. 

It  is  literally  true  that  in  most  of  the  sites  there  is  ground  enough 
for  the  church  building  to  rest  upon  and  no  more.  One  disadvantage 
of  the  extremely  small  site  is  that  it  is  so  inconspicuous  that  it  is  not 
counted  as  a  real  part  of  the  church  equipment  and  is  therefore  very 
commonly  neglected.  This  was  evidenced  by  the  lack  of  care  given 
to  the  small  areas  of  ground  in  front  and  at  the  sides  of  the  church. 
The  psychological  appeal  of  a  clean,  well-kept  lawn,  of  sharp  corners 
broken  by  artistically  placed  bushes  or  well-kept  flowers,  in  other 
words,  of  an  attractive  site,  is  a  factor  that  no  church  can  afford  to 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


59 


60 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


neglect.  Many  teachers  of  religious  education  count  it  desirable 
to  hold  classes  out  of  doors  at  times;  to  have  small  parties,  fetes  or 
pageants  on  a  spacious  lawn  with  shrubbery  or  a  vine-covered  wall 
for  a  background;  and  to  have  groups  of  children  on  the  playground. 
In  this  way  these  activities  are  definitely  associated  with  the  church, 
and  a  larger  community  interest  is  sure  to  be  developed.  Practically 
none  of  the  sites  in  Maiden  is  large  enough  to  permit  any  of  these 
activities,  yet  this  represents  a  part  of  the  physical  equipment  of  a 
church  which  holds  much  promise  for  community  service. 

Perhaps  the  most  outstanding  result  of  the  effect  of  an  inadequate 
site  in  a  particular  situation  is  that  evident  from  study  of  illustration 
22  and  20,  pages  59  and  57.  The  religious  school  building  of  the 
First  Baptist  plant  presents  an  attractive  appearance  from  the  church 
side.  The  site,  however,  is  so  small  that  it  was  considered  neces- 
sary to  build  this  structure  with  one  side  close  to  the  neighboring 
property  line.  The  building,  on  this  side,  has  been  given  a  blank 
wall,  thereby  detracting  to  a  considerable  degree  from  its  beauty 
both  within  and  without  and  from  the  advantages  that  accrue  from 
good  natural  lighting  of  classrooms.  A  school  building  of  this  size 
requires  a  site  sufficiently  large  for  play  and  pageantry  purposes. 


ILLUSTRATION   23.     THE  POORLY 
PLANNED    MAPLEWOOD    CONGRE- 
GATIONAL CHURCH  ON    ILL-KEPT 
GROUNDS 


ILLUSTRATION  24.  UNATTRACTIVE 
AND  INADEQUATE  TEMPORARY  HOUS- 
ING FOR  ST.  PAUL'S  SUNDAY  SCHOOL 

ATTENDANTS 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  61 

CHAPTER  III 

Item  II*  Building  or  Buildings  of  the  Seven- 
teen Church  and  Religious  Education  Plants 

UNDER  the  second  major  item  of  the  score  card  the  building  is 
considered  with  respect  to,  (1)  its  placement  on  the  site,  (2) 
its  gross  structure  and  (3)  its  internal  structure.    Each  of  the 
sub-items  is  further  divided  as  shown  in  the  detail  score  card. 

In  Table  V,  page  62,  the  seventeen  churches  are  listed  in  the  order  of 
their  rank  on  the  total  score  allotted  on  this  item.  Chart  III,  page 
63,  represents  graphically  the  data  shown  in  Table  V.  In  both  table 
and  chart  the  total  score  is  subdivided  into  its  component  parts 
under  A,  B  and  C.  Both  the  total  score  on  the  major  item  and  the 
scores  on  the  sub-items  are  shown  in  comparison  with  the  maximum 
possible  scores  indicated  in  black  faced  type  at  the  top  and  bottom 
of  the  table.  The  lower  charts  show  the  upper  chart  divided  accord- 
ing to  the  major  subdivisions  of  the  item — Buildings. 

In  this  item  of  building  or  buildings  it  is  noticeable  that  there  is  a 
wide  range  represented  by  the  seventeen  buildings.  The  First 
Baptist  is  allotted  131  points  out  of  a  possible  150  while  the  other 
churches  are  rather  evenly  distributed  between  that  score  and  the  44 
points  scored  by  the  very  inadequate  building  of  the  Union  Baptist. 
It  will  be  more  helpful  and  also  more  significant  to  analyze  these 
scores  into  the  three  main  items  which  determine  the  total  score  for 
the  building.  These  items  will  show  why  in  several  cases  churches 
with  good  looking  exteriors  receive  lower  scores  than  they  apparently 
should.  Very  poor  internal  structures,  inadequate  or  dangerous 
stairways,  unused  or  poorly  kept  basements,  or  buildings  made  of 
non-fireproof  material  will  not  only  explain  the  score  given,  but  will 
direct  attention  to  conditions  which  should  be  remedied. 
The  three  items  determining  the  score  for  Buildings  are:  A,  Place- 
ment; B,  Gross  Structure;  and  C,  Internal  Structure. 

A.     Placement 

The  score  for  placement  is  determined  by  the  two  items  of  location 
on  site  and  orientation.  The  scores  given  for  this  item  are  consis- 
tently high  for  the  churches  in  Maiden.  Many  of  them  are  placed 
in  the  only  position  possible  on  the  site.  Many  of  the  churches  have 
sites  so  small  that  the  building  covers  all  of  it  and  there  is  no  choice 


62 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


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of  location.  Where  any  freedom  was  possible  the  buildings  have  been 
located  so  as  to  secure  the  best  effects.  The  space  left  at  the  back 
of  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist,  and  the  Mystic  Side  Con- 
gregational provides  for  a  maximum  use  of  the  church  lot.  In  St. 
Paul's  Episcopal,  illustration  4,  page  24,  Faulkner  Methodist,  illus- 
tration 6,  page  28,  Robinson  Methodist,  illustration  5,  page  26, 
and  the  First  Congregational,  illustration  10,  page  36,  the  buildings 
are  so  placed  as  to  allow  space  for  small  lawns  and  shrubbery 
which  materially  improve  the  general  appearance  of  the  buildings. 
Almost  no  attention  was  given  to  the  matter  of  orientation  as  it 
affects  the  natural  lighting  of  the  building.  This  will  become  a  much 
more  important  problem  as  the  service  of  the  church  is  extended  and 
it  becomes  desirable  for  students  to  study  in  the  buildings  or  use 
a  reference  library.  Especially  on  corner  lots  it  is  possible  so  to 
turn  the  building  that  the  rooms  most  frequently  used  will  not 
receive  the  direct  intense  light  of  the  morning  or  afternoon.  This 
is  well  done  in  the  People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene,  illustration 
9,  page  34. 

B.    Gross  Structure 

"Gross  Structure"  embodies  the  factors  of  type,  material,  height, 
roof,  foundations,  walls,  entrances,  esthetic  balance  and  condition. 
The  detail  standards  for  these  sub-items  are  given  on  pages  168  to  170. 
Examination  of  Table  V,  page  62,  and  the  chart  following,  reveals  a 
wide  variation  in  score  on  "  Gross  Structure."  The  First  Baptist 
Church  ranks  highest  with  68  points  out  of  a  possible  75  as  against 
the  Union  Baptist,  lowest,  with  a  score  of  22  out  of  the  same  possible 
maximum.  The  score  on  the  Union  Baptist  means  little  more  than 
that  there  are  walls,  a  foundation,  a  roof  and  entrances.  The  fact 
that  ten  of  the  seventeen  churches,  almost  60  per  cent,  scored  less 
than  half  of  the  maximum  possible  score  on  this  item  is  accounted  for 
by  there  being  such  a  large  number  of  old  frame  structures  built  with- 
out due  consideration  to  the  problems  of  religious  education — the 
school  plant.  In  a  number  of  instances  the  low  scores  are  due  in  large 
part  to  the  fact  that  the  church  plant  is  made  up  of  new  and  old 
parts,  the  latter  tending  to  pull  the  scores  down  below  what  appar- 
ently they  should  be.  This  is  especially  true  of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal 
church.  The  old  frame  building  is  extremely  poorly  conceived  and 
is  only  a  makeshift  as  an  educational  plant.  It  is  understood  that 
plans  are  now  under  consideration  whereby  the  old  frame  part  will 
be  replaced  by  a  building  in  keeping  with  the  main  auditorium.  On 
the  completion  of  such  replacement  the  total  score  would  be  sub- 
stantially raised. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


65 


ILLUSTRATION  25.     ONE  OF  TWO  MAIN  ILLUSTRATION  26.     A  WOODEN  STAIR- 
STAIRWAYS    FROM    THE    LARGE    AUDI-  WAY    OF    QUESTIONABLE     VALUE     IN 
TORIUM    OF    THE    CENTRE    METHODIST  TIME  OF  DANGER.     CENTRE  METHODIST 
CHURCH  CHURCH 


ILLUSTRATION  27.     DANGEROUS  WIND-    ILLUSTRATION  28.    A  PROBABLE  DEATH 
ING    STAIRS    FOR    PRIMARY  CHILDREN.     TRAP  IN  CASE  OF  FIRE.     MAPLEWOOD 
ST.  PAUL'S  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  BAPTIST  CHURCH 


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TYPES  OF  BUILDINGS 

A  scale  of  building  types  maybe  easily  arranged,  on  reference  to  the 
detailed  standards,  by  placing  the  exteriors  in  the  following  order, 
beginning  with  the  low  end  of  the  scale. 

The  Union  Baptist illustration  17,  page  50 

St.  Luke's 16      "     48 

Maplewood  Baptist 12      "     40 

People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene "  9      "34 

Mystic  Side  Congregational "  8      "     32 

Centre  Methodist "  2       "20 

Faulkner 6      "     28 

First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist "  3      "     22 

First  Baptist 1       "     18 

The  standard  set  for  height  of  the  buildings  of  a  church  and  religious 
education  plant  is  two  stories  except  in  very  congested  cities.  This 
standard  is  not  met  in  the  three  structures,  the  Centre  Methodist  plant, 
illustration  2,  page  20,  the  First  Baptist  School  plant,  illustration 
1,  page  18,  and  St.  Paul's  annex,  illustration  24,  page  60. 

The  standards  for  entrances  to  public  and  semi-public  buildings 
should  be  fully  as  rigid  as  are  set  up  in  the  detailed  standards  on 
page  69.  Little  adherence  to  these  standards  is  found  in  many  of  the 
seventeen  plants.  Some  of  the  important  standards  suggest  that 
"the  main  entrance  should  be  not  less  than  10  feet  to  12  feet  wide 
and  should  open  directly  into  the  main  foyer;  that  there  should  be 
as  few  steps  as  possible  and  that  these  should  be  non-exposed;  that  the 
steps  be  made  of  stone  or  concrete  with  a  non-slipping  surface;  that 
doors  be  provided  with  panic  bolts  to  permit  ease  of  opening  for  all 
types  of  people";  and  the  like.  Reference  to  the  illustrations  will 
show  some  of  the  striking  features  of  the  entrances  of  the  seventeen 
plants. 

Illustration  30,  page  67,  shows  the  main  entrance  to  the  Robinson 
Methodist.  Illustration  31  shows  the  immediate  interior  of  build- 
ing at  the  top  of  this  outer  entrance.  The  exterior  stairway  is  steep 
and  has  fifteen  treads.  The  descent  is  particularly  dangerous  for 
elderly  people. 

Illustration  16,  page  48,  shows  two  stairways  of  St.  Luke's  building. 
No  handrail  protection  is  afforded  on  the  stairway  to  the  left.  The 
stairs  are  wood  and  exposed  to  the  weather. 

Illustration  8,  page  32,  shows  the  totally  unprotected  main  entrance 
of  the  Mystic  Side  church. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  69 

Illustration  17,  page  50,  shows  a  second  ill-advised  stairway  of  the 
Robinson  Methodist  type. 

Illustration  4,  page  24,  shows  a  most  satisfactory  entrance  with 
stairways  eliminated. 

Illustration  6,  page  28,  shows  how  the  location  of  the  building  on  a 
steep  incline  has  presented  difficulties  in  providing  a  proper  entrance 
approach. 

Other  main  entrance  stairways  to  which  high  scores  were  allotted, 
are  those  of  the  First  Congregational,  the  Centre  Methodist  and  the 
First  Baptist  plants.  The  tendency  towards  inadequate  size  of 
subsidiary  entrances  is  marked  in  the  seventeen  plants. 

C.     Internal  Structure 

"Internal  Structure"  takes  into  account:  (1)  stairways;  (2)  corri- 
dors and  foyer;  (3)  basement;  (4)  color  scheme;  (5)  decorative  at- 
tractiveness. The  detail  standards  for  these  sub-items  are  given  on 
pages  170  to  172.  Column  "  C  "  of  Table  V,  page  62,  shows  the  com- 
parative scores  with  respect  to  the  internal  structure  of  the  seventeen 
plants.  The  range  is  indicated  by  the  score  of  the  First  Baptist  of  38 
points  out  of  a  possible  50  as  against  that  of  the  Union  Baptist  with  a 
score  of  7  points  out  of  the  same  possible  maximum.  From  Table 
III  it  appears  that  only  two  churches  in  the  city  scored  above  50 
per  cent,  of  the  possible  score  on  this  item.  This  is  to  be  explained 
by  the  fact  that  all  sub-items  have  either  been  inadequately  treated  or 
neglected  entirely.  In  no  church  in  the  city,  for  example,  do  the  stair- 
ways approach  the  standards  established  to  a  degree  that  would  justify 
allowing  them  more  than  one-half  of  the  maximum  number  of  points. 
Thirteen  of  the  churches  scored  three  points  or  less  out  of  a  possible 
ten  on  this  item.  The  justification  for  such  scores  may  be  seen  in 
studying  the  illustrations  listed  here.  These  illustrations  point  out 
the  typical  situations  with  respect  to  stairways  in  the  Maiden  plants. 
It  will  be  readily  seen  that  they  do  not  conform  to  the  standards 
of  fireproofness  nor  are  they  fire-enclosed  so  as  to  assure  safe  exit  in 
case  of  fire  or  panic.  The  winding  stairways  requiring  the  use  of 
triangular  treads  are  very  dangerous  and  cannot  be  too  severely  con- 
demned. Stairways  should  not  be  of  greater  width  than  is  necessary 
for  the  passage  of  two  columns  of  people  abreast,  each  being  within 
reach  of  a  handrail.  Room  in  the  center  for  a  third  column  places 
one-third  of  the  group  out  of  reach  of  a  handrail  and  in  cases  of  panic 
or  hurried  exit  it  frequently  causes  serious  accidents  or  catastrophes. 
Stairways  more  than  5  feet  in  width  should  be  made  8  to  10  feet  with 
a  securely  fastened  handrail  running  down  the  center. 


70 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


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OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


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OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  73 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  INTERIOR  STAIRWAYS 

Illustration  31,  page  67,  shows  the  interior  stairway  at  the  top  of  the 
fifteen-tread  stairway  in  the  Robinson  Methodist  plant.  This  stair- 
way is  the  main  exit  for  the  large  auditorium  shown  in  illustration 
29,  page  66.  The  congregation  assembled  in  this  auditorium  is 
required  to  use  these  stairways,  which  are  of  wood,  steep  in  nature 
and  too  wide  for  safety. 

Illustration  33,  page  71,  presents  the  highly  unsatisfactory  stairways 
of  the  Linden  Congregational  Church.  Each  of  two  stairways  to  the 
auditorium  on  the  second  floor  is  so  narrow  as  to  be  easily  congested 
and  has  three  flights,  with  two  turns.  At  the  foot  of  the  bottom  flight, 
the  passageway  is  partially  blocked  by  the  guards  to  the  stairway  en- 
trance of  the  school  assembly  room  on  the  first  floor.  Illustration  35, 
page  72,  shows  this  entrance  into  the  assembly  room  with  the  main 
entrance  doors  beyond.  Since  the  auxiliary  stairway  to  the  rear  of 
this  building  is  entirely  inadequate,  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  of  a  sit- 
uation which  presents  greater  hazards. 

Illustrations  70  and  55,  pages  132  and  100,  show  the  kindergarten 
and  primary  rooms  of  the  Centre  Methodist  which  are  located  on 
the  second  floor.  The  standards  suggest  their  location  on  the  first 
floor  and  their  provision  with  outside  exits.  The  stairway  of  illustra- 
tion 26,  page  65,  presents  many  difficulties  to  the  egress  of  large 
groups  of  young  children,  especially  when,  in  case  of  danger,  these 
stairways  are  also  being  used  by  older  boys  and  girls. 

Illustrations  25  and  26,  page  65  show  two  of  the  three  main 
stairway  exits  for  the  large  Centre  Methodist  auditorium.  The 
front  stairways  are  not  provided  with  adequate  natural  light. 
These  stairways  are  not  well  conceived  for  the  passage  of  large  groups 
from  the  auditorium  and  balcony  floors.  The  rear  stairway  requires 
an  additional  turn  at  the  bottom  before  the  exit  doors  can  be  reached. 
This  makes  a  total  of  four  turns  which  must  be  made  by  a  group  de- 
scending from  the  second  floor  to  the  side  entrance.  The  standard 
that  no  storerooms  be  placed  under  the  stairways  unless  fireproof  is 
violated  in  the  case  of  these  two  stairways. 

Illustration  34,  page  71,  reproduces  the  single  main  stairway  which  is 
used  for  exit  from  the  auditorium  of  the  Maplewood  Methodist 
Church  (see  illustration  32,  page  70).  The  secondary  stairway  to 
the  rear  of  this  auditorium  is  not  superior  to  the  type  shown  in  illus- 
tration 36,  page  74.  This  main  stairway  is  of  wood,  lacks  handrails 
has  three  turns  and  is  inadequately  provided  with  artificial  light. 


74 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION   36.      SEE  TEXT  ON 
THIS  PAGE 


Illustration  36,  on  this  page, 
shows  the  only  stairway  leading 
from  the  church  auditorium  floor 
to  the  large  assembly  room  of 
the  basement  of  the  Faulkner 
Methodist.  This  stairway  is 
steep,  lacks  a  handrail  and  has 
the  faulty  triangular  treads. 

Illustrations  27  and  28,  page  65, 
of  stairways,  Maplewood  Baptist 
and  St.  Paul's  plants  respectively, 
are  other  types  of  stairways  to  be 
found  in  the  seventeen  plants. 
The  first  stairway  is  narrow, 
without  handrails  and  artificial 
light,  doubles  back  on  itself  and 
is  located  directly  over  a  stairway 
leading  to  the  littered  cellar  of 
illustration  43,  page  80.  The 
second  stairway  is  a  winder  of  a 
very  bad  type,  and  lacks  hand- 
rails and  sufficient  artificial  light 
It  leads  to  a  classroom  where 


ILLUSTRATION   37.     SHOWING  THE  APPROACH   FROM  CHURCH  AUDITORIUM 
TO  THE  SCHOOL  ASSEMBLY  ROOM  OF  THE  FIRST  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSAC  HUSETTS  75 

very  young  children  are  taught  and  is  undesirable  for  this  reason. 

The  two  winding  stairways  of  the  First  Congregational  Church,  of 
which  one  is  shown  in  illustration  37,  page  74,  are  very  defective 
types  of  communication  between  the  two  main  floors  of  a  church 
structure. 

Interior  stairways  which  most  adequately  conform  to  the  standards 
are  the  fireproof  stairs  to  be  found  in  the  First  Baptist  Church. 

FOYERS  AND  CORRIDORS 

Corridors  should  be  so  located  as  to  provide  easy  access  to  every  room 
without  passing  through  any  other  room.  They  should  be  wide 
enough  to  permit  two  lines  to  pass.  With  the  exception  of  the  First 
Baptist  and  St.  Paul's  Episcopal,  the  churches  of  Maiden  have  made 
very  inadequate  provision  for  convenient  corridors.  None  of  them 
are  constructed  entirely  of  fireproof  material.  In  practically  all  of 
the  churches  the  corridors  are  so  inadequate  that  it  is  necessary  to 
pass  through  classrooms  in  order  to  get  to  other  classrooms,  a  situa- 
tion not  only  annoying  and  distracting  but  dangerous  in  an  emer- 
gency. 

The  church  foyer  should  be  so  located  that  it  serves  as  the  distribut- 
ing center  of  the  building.  In  order  to  do  this  it  must  be  centrally 
located  and  be  connected  with  all  main  corridors.  In  order  to  serve 
this  function  the  foyer  must  be  large  enough  to  prevent  congestion 
should  two  or  three  lines  empty  into  it  at  the  same  time.  It  should 
be  spacious  enough  to  permit  the  ''exchange  of  greetings"  between 
individuals  or  families  which  takes  place  after  most  of  the  church 
gatherings.  It  is  also  the  place  of  "first  impressions,"  so  it  should 
be  as  attractive  as  possible  and  in  a  way  indicative  of  the  remainder 
of  the  building.  The  inadequacy  of  some  of  the  church  foyers  can 
be  appreciated  by  referring  to  illustrations  31,  33,  34,  35.  Illustra- 
tion 34,  page  71,  shows  part  of  the  small,  plain  foyer  of  the  Maple- 
wood  Methodist  with  its  turning,  inadequate  stairway.  Illustration 
39,  page  76,  shows  the  small  hallway  in  St.  Luke's.  It  opens  directly 
into  the  large  religious  school  auditorium  on  one  side  and  into  the 
pastor's  study  and  choir  room  on  the  other.  The  inadequacy  of  this 
can  be  better  realized  by  consulting  illustration  38,  page  76.  Illus- 
tration 33,  page  71,  shows  the  small  foyer  of  the  Linden  Congregational. 
The  walls  are  in  good  condition  but  the  arrangement  of  the  stair- 
ways and  entrances  is  very  inconvenient.  Illustration  31,  page  67. 
shows  the  stair  platform  which  is  the  distributing  center  of  the  Robin- 
son Methodist  Church.  From  the  standpoint  of  convenience  and  ten- 
dency to  prevent  congestion,  the  corridors  and  foyers  of  the  new 


76 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


PLATFORM 


RELIGIOUS   SCHOOL 
ASSEMBLY 


DRESSING 
ROOM 


O 


CHOIR 


CHURCH 
AUDITORIUM 


DRESSiNi 
ROOM 


PRIMARY     ROOM 


ILLUSTRATION  38.      SHOWING  INCONVENIENT  ARRANGEMENT  OF  ROOMS  AND 

DIFFICULTY  OF    PASSING  AROUND    ORGAN  TO  GET  FROM    SCHOOL  ROOMS    TO 

AUDITORIUM  OF  ST.   LUKE'S  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 


ILLUSTRATION  39.     INADEQUATE  FOYER  AND  CONNECTION   BETWEEN 

RELIGIOUS    EDUCATION    ROOM    AND    AUDITORIUM    IN 

ST.  LUKE'S  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


77 


78 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


structure  of  St.  Paul's  and  the  First  Baptist  may  be  ranked  highest. 
Illustration  40,  page  77,  is  a  good  example  of  what  difficulties  are 
encountered  when  corridors  are  not  made  a  part  of  the  building  con- 
struction. Through  this  classroom  in  the  basement  of  the  Maple- 
wood  Congregational  plant,  people  must  pass  in  order  to  go  from  the 
school  assembly  room  to  the  church  auditorium  above  and  vice  versa. 
It  means  that  a  classroom  teacher  is  frequently  interrupted  and  that 
the  value  of  class  instruction  is  thereby  lessened. 

The  corridors  of  the  school  plant  of  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden, 
Universalist,  are  not  well  conceived  from  the  standpoint  of  the  needed 
connection  between  assembly  room  and  classrooms.  One-way  corri- 
dors similar  to  these  (see  illustration  69,  page  131),  and  to  those  of  the 
school  plant  of  the  Centre  Methodist,  increase  congestion  and  de- 
crease safety. 

BASEMENTS 

To  the  item  basement,  an  allotment  of  ten  points  is  made  for  standard 
conditions.  Only  one  plant,  the  First  Baptist,  was  allotted  a  score 
as  high  as  seven  points  out  of  the  possible  ten,  while  eleven  scored 


I  ,lil! 


ILLUSTRATION  41.     THE  CLEAN,  WELL-KEPT,   AND  SIMPLY  EQUIPPED 
KITCHEN  OF  THE  LINDEN  METHODIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


79 


80 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  81 

two  points  or  less  out  of  the  possible  ten.  The  standards  require  that 
no  part  of  a  basement  be  more  than  three  feet  below  grade  for  rooms 
which  are  used  for  social  and  educational  purposes.  This  standard 
is  being  met  in  all  high  grade  public  school  building  construction.  It 
has  been  found  most  uneconomical  to  build  such  buildings,  merely 
utilizing  the  basement  for  the  heating  and  ventilating  equipment 
which  can  be  accommodated  in  at  least  a  quarter  of  that  space.  In 
Maiden,  where  the  basements  are  being  used  for  social  or  educational 
purposes  they  have  been  sunk  so  low  that  these  rooms  are  deprived 
to  a  large  degree  of  natural  light.  This  is  not  true  of  buildings  like 
the  Mystic  Side,  Maplewood  Congregational  and  First  Congregational 
which  stand  on  ground  sloping  away  from  the  front  of  the  building, 
thus  permitting  full  lighting  of  the  semi-basement.  The  best  natural 
lighting  of  rooms  which  may  be  listed  as  basement  rooms,  may  be 
seen  in  the  kitchen  and  social  room  in  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden, 
Universalist.  It  is  evident  from  this  situation  that  the  standards 
set  are  not  too  high  and  may  be  reached  in  future  church  building 
construction  in  Maiden.  Evidences  of  inadequate  natural  lighting 
of  basement  rooms  rrfey  be  seen  in  the  central  play  room  or  Boy  Scout 
room,  the  dining  room,  illustration  58,  page  107,  and  the  kitchen, 
illustration  83,  page  159,  of  the  First  Baptist  Church.  It  would  seem 
to  be  just  as  desirable  to  provide  play  rooms,  dining  rooms  and  kit- 
chens with  sunshine,  air  and  light  as  any  of  the  other  rooms  in  a 
church  plant.  In  the  Parish  House  of  the  First  Baptist  plant  the 
natural  lighting  is  better  than  in  the  church  structure,  though  since 
all  light  is  cut  off  from  one  long-axis  side,  the  possibilities  for  natural 
lighting  have  not  been  reached  in  this  case. 

Where  basements  are  being  used  for  heating  and  storage  purposes 
only,  the  condition  in  many  cases  was  such  as  to  warrant  very  low 
scores.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  why  a  church  basement  should  be 
neglected  to  the  point  where  it  becomes  a  constant  menace  to  the 
safety  and  health  of  the  occupants  of  the  building.  Yet  this  condi- 
tion is  reached  to  a  deplorable  degree  in  some  instances.  The  sites 
on  which  the  Maiden  churches  stand  have  been  shown  to  be  exceed- 
ingly small.  The  area  covered  by  a  basement  should  therefore  be 
utilized  to  a  maximum  degree  for  actual  church  service  and  not  be 
left  merely  for  accumulation  of  ashes,  rubbish,  the  waste  from  church 
festivals  and  the  discarded  furniture  of  past  decades.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  decay  and  neglect  to  be  found  in  some  instances  were 
not  evidences  of  the  beginning  of  a  condition  which  might  be  expected 
to  involve  the  entire  structure. 

Illustration  18,  page  51,  shows  the  basement  of  the  Union  Baptist 
Church.  The  basement  is  utilized  to  the  fullest  extent.  It  is  so 


82 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


83 


84 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION  46.      THE  ATTRACTIVE,  WELL  FURNISHED  AND  TASTEFULLY 
DECORATED  PARLOR  OF  THE  FIRST  BAPTIST  CHURCH 

placed  that  all  necessary  natural  light  could  have  been  provided. 
A  very  small  proportion  of  the  possible  maximum  light  has  been  avail- 
able during  the  years  this  building  has  been  used. 

Illustrations  41  and  42,  pages  78  and  79,  show  the  basement  assem- 
bly and  kitchen  of  the  Linden  Methodist  plant.  This  basement  is 
completely  utilized  and  extremely  well  maintained.  The  natural 
lighting  is  above  the  average  of  the  seventeen  plants.  The  concrete 
floor  in  this  low  basement  is  an  undesirable  feature. 

Illustration  43,  page  80,  is  the  basement  of  the  Maplewood  Baptist 
plant.  This  basement  typifies  every  conceivable  hazard  from  fire 
to  contagion.  Note  the  exposed  wiring;  the  heating  flues  in  contact 
with  the  floor  joists;  the  accumulation  of  filth  and  rubbish  in  the  fore- 
ground and  the  age-old  ash  dump  at  the  rear. 

Illustration  44,  page  82,'  shows  the  basement  of  St.  Luke's.  The 
natural  lighting  is  fair.  The  basement  is  not  planned  with  respect 
to  any  use  which  might  be  made  of  it.  As  it  stands  it  is  a  waste  of 
valuable  space.  The  picture  shows  a  considerable  degree  of  dirt, 
disorder,"  poor  construction  and  a  maximum  of  fire  risk.  All  electric 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  85 

wiring  is  exposed  and  the  floor  joists  are  unprotected  from  the  heating 
flues.  The  construction  and  support  is  primitive  and  inadequate. 

Illustration  45,  page  83,  shows  part  of  the  basement  of  the  First 
Congregational  plant.  Exposed  wiring,  joists  unprotected  from  the 
heating  plants,  discarded  and  broken  furniture,  and  other  accumula- 
tions are  characteristics  of  this  basement.  Because  of  its  low  con- 
struction, it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  maintain  in  an  orderly  fashion. 

Illustration  58,  page  107,  shows  one  part  of  the  basement  of  the  First 
Baptist  plant.  This  basement,  though  by  no  means  standard,  illus- 
trates the  use  to  which  basement  space  can  be  put  and  the  type  of 
service  it  can  best  render.  It  is  fireproof  in  construction,  provided 
with  an  outside  exit  and  well  lighted  by  an  indirect  artificial  system. 
The  most  serious  fault  is  the  excessive  depth  of  the  floor  below  ground 
level  and  the  consequent  lack  of  adequate  natural  lighting. 

DECORATIVE  ATTRACTIVENESS 

The  decorative  attractiveness  of  the  interior  of  a  church  exerts  a 
powerful  though  subtle  influence  upon  the  people  who  worship  in  it. 
The  interior  of  the  church  should  be  clean  and  bright,  freshly  dec- 
orated in  colors  which  are  restful  and  harmonious  and  which  tend 
to  give  the  effect  of  simplicity  and  genuineness.  Such  decoration  will 
invariably  result  in  a  more  worshipful  attitude  on  the  part  of  the  per- 
sons entering  and  in  a  fuller  enjoyment  of  the  time  spent  in  the 
building. 

Several  of  the  churches  have  realized  the  importance  of  this  influence 
and  have  given  care  to  seeing  that  all  their  rooms  and  corridors  are 
artistically  decorated,  and  that  a  consistent  scheme  is  followed 
throughout  the  entire  building.  The  churches  which  have  most 
noticeably  cared  for  this  item  are  the  First  Baptist,  the  Linden  Metho- 
dist, the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist,  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Univer- 
salist,  and  the  Centre  Methodist.  Others  of  the  churches  have  real- 
ized the  desirability  of  attractive  interior  decoration  but  have  con- 
fined their  efforts  largely  to  the  church  auditorium,  and  have  neglected 
this  element  in  their  religious  education  rooms — the  rooms  where  the 
standards  of  impressionable  children  are  being  formed. 


I 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY   

CHAPTER  IV 

Item  IIL    Service  Systems 

T  WILL  be  noted  by  reference  to  the  score  card  that  under 
the  item  of  "Service  Systems"  there  are  included  the  eight 
elements  of — 

A.  Heating  and  Ventilating 

B.  Fire  Protection 

C.  Cleaning  System 

D.  Artificial  Lighting 

E.  Toilet  System 

F.  Water  Supply  System 

G.  Other  Service  Systems  such  as  clocks,  telephones,  bells, 

etc. 

H.  Service  Rooms,  such  as  janitor's  rooms,  janitor's  work- 
shop and  fuel  room 

A  careful  analysis  of  the  service  facilities  required  in  a  church  plant 
will  disclose  that  these  eight  divisions  include  all  the  service  systems 
which  might  be  deemed  requisite  in  such  an  institution.  For  each 
of  these  eight  types  of  service  systems  standards  have  been  erected. 
These  standards  suggest  the  most  desirable  situations  and  conditions. 

To  each  of  these  eight  divisions  under  the  heading  "Service  Systems' ' 
scores  have  been  allotted  by  the  judges  with  the  maximum  score  pos- 
sible in  each  case  representing  the  ideal  situation.  The  sum  of  the 
scores  for  the  eight  subdivisions  has  in  the  case  of  each  church  be- 
come the  final  score  for  that  church  on  the  item  "Service  Systems." 

In  Table  VI,  the  churches  of  Maiden  have  been  ranked  according  to 
the  scores  thus  obtained  for  "Service  Systems."  The  "Service 
System"  score  is  compared  (for  each  church)  with  the  total  possible 
score  on  Item  III,  namely  160  points.  For  the  purpose  of  studying 
any  single  situation,  one  will  also  find  in  this  table  the  scores  allotted 
by  the  judges  on  each  of  the  eight  subdivisions  of  service  systems. 
The  maximum  scores  obtainable  for  each  of  these  subdivisions  are 
also  given  to  make  comparison  easy. 

In  Chart  IV,  the  scores  of  Table  VI  are  shown  graphically. 

On  this  item,  "Service  Systems,"  it  will  be  seen  that  the  First  Baptist 
Church  ranks  first  with  a  score  of  135  points.  This  church  is  equipped 
with  service  facilities  which  far  exceed  those  of  any  other  church  in 


OF    M ALP EN,    MASSACHUSETTS  87 

Maiden.  The  judges  have  placed  the  Centre  Methodist  Church 
second  on  this  item  with  a  score  of  81  points.  The  Union  Baptist 
and  the  Maplewood  Methodist  churches  with  their  meager  allotments 
of  26  points  present  pitiful  contrasts  to  the  ideal  situation  represented 
by  160  points.  Other  churches  scoring  very  low  on  this  item  such 
as  St.  Luke's  Episcopal,  Mystic  Side  Congregational  and  Linden 
Congregational  may  be  considered  as  having  minimum  provision 
for  the  physical  care  and  comfort  of  their  attendants. 

The  church  may  be  conceived  as  being  in  a  large  sense  responsible 
for  elevating  the  standards  for  American  homes.  Homes  should  be 
equipped  with  heating  and  ventilating  systems  which  not  only  act 
positively  by  providing  heat,  but  which  at  the  same  time  do  not  act 
negatively  by  injuring  the  health  of  the  occupants  of  the  home  or  by 
producing  conditions  which  result  in  increased  possibilities  of  ill 
health.  Adequate  homes  may  be  expected  to  provide  a  maximum 
of  safety  against  fire  dangers,  to  be  equipped  with  modern  toilet 
facilities  and  to  furnish  artificial  light  under  conditions  which  in- 
crease home  advantages.  Homes  from  which  people  come  to  serve 
community  interests  and  to  develop  community  ideals  should  sur- 
round such  people  with  ideal  conditions  of  sanitation  and  cleanli- 
ness. Where  homes  fail  to  provide  the  advantages  here  enumerated, 
the  church  through  the  standards  maintained  in  her  own  institutions 
may  be  expected  to  provide  leadership  in  obtaining  superior  home 
conditions.  It  is  not  to  be  denied  that  continued  participation  in 
religious  service  under  faulty  heating  and  lighting  conditions,  in  un- 
clean and  unsanitary  surroundings  or  in  the  midst  of  facilities  provid- 
ing a  maximum  of  physical  discomfort,  will  result  in  a  less  desirable 
influence  than  might  result  if  better  conditions  prevailed.  There  is 
every  evidence  in  the  scores  allotted  on  the  items  heating  and  ventila- 
tion, toilet  systems,  artificial  lighting,  cleaning  systems  and  the  other 
service  systems,  that  many  of  the  seventeen  Maiden  church  and  re- 
ligious education  plants  have  failed  signally  in  accepting  a  very  im- 
portant responsibility.  The  church  may  be  expected  to  provide 
model  facilities  in  this  field.  Not  only  will  such  facilities  attract 
larger  groups  but  very  desirable  changes  in  home  conditions  may  be 
expected  to  follow.  The  First  Baptist  Church  made  a  very  decided 
contribution  to  the  development  of  the  homes  of  the  community  of 
Maiden  when  it  provided  service  facilities  which  are  satisfactory  to 
such  a  high  degree. 

A.    Heating  and  Ventilation 

In  judging  this  item  the  scorers  considered  six  major  items: 

1.  The  kind  of  heating  and  ventilating  systems  which  are  being  used. 


88 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


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OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


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CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


2.  Their  installation,  including  construction,  piping,  radiation,  flues, 

duct»>  etc. 

3.  The  air  supply,  its  source  and  the  provisions  for  foul  a.ir  exhaust. 

4.  Fans  and  motors  installed  for  purpose  of  securing  adequate  ven- 

tilation. 

5.  The  distribution  of  heat. 

6.  Temperature  control. 

Reference  to  the  detailed  standards,  covering  the  item  of  heating  and 
ventilation  as  given  on  pages  172  to  183,  will  show  the  desirable  char- 
acteristics of  a  heating  and  ventilating  plant.  A  few  of  the  important 
standards  will  bear  repetition  here. 

The  direct-mechanical  and  indirect-mechanical  systems  of  heating 


ILLUSTRATION  47.  AIR  INTAKE  OF  THE     ILLUSTRATION  48.     AIR  INTAKE  OF  THE 
UNIVERSALIST  CHURCH,  LOCATED   AT     FIRST    CONGREGATIONAL    CHURCH    LO- 
GROUND  LEVEL  CATED  AT  GROUND  LEVEL 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


91 


ILLUSTRATION  49.  GROUND  LEVEL  AIR  INTAKE  OF  THE  FIRST  BAPTIST 
CHURCH.  IT  SEEMS  UNWISE  TO  TAKE  AIR  FRO  VI  DUST  COVERED  WALKS  EVEN 
THOUGH  IT  IS  WASHED  BEFORE  'BEING  SENT  INTO  THE  ROOMS  ABOVE 


and  ventilation  are  considered  most  desirable  for  a  church  and  re- 
ligious education  plant.  The  direct-mechanical  is  a  system  of  direct 
heating  with  mechanical  ventilation.  It  means  that  the  heat  is  im- 
parted directly  to  the  room  or  rooms  by  means  of  radiator  surfaces 
or  heat  sources  located  within  the  room  heated.  Steam  and  hot 
water  radiators  are  classified  under  this  heading.  A  mechanical  sys- 
tem of  ventilation  is  that  system  from  which  the  required  air  move- 
ment is  maintained  by  the  use  of  blowers,  fans  or  similar  mechanically 
operated  appliances.  Indirect  heating  means  that  heat  is  imparted 
directly  to  the  room  by  air  initially  warmed  by  radiating  surfaces 
or  heat  sources  located  outside  of  the  room  heated  and  the  warm  air 
is  conveyed  therefrom  to  the  room  through  suitable  air  ducts  or 
flues.  Hot  air  furnaces  and  standard  steam  and  hot  water  indirect 
radiators  are  appliances  classified  under  this  heading. 

The  "furnace-gravity"  system  is  much  less  desirable  than  the  direct- 
mechanical  above  described.  More  than  half  of  the  church  plants 
of  this  group  are  equipped  with  the  "furnace-gravity"  system.  In 
only  one  case, .viz.,  the  First  Baptist  Church,  is  the  direct  heating 
system  joined  with  an  adequate  system  of  mechanical  ventilation. 
In  all  other  cases,  no  system  of  ventilation  other  than  the  unsatisfac- 
tory so-called  "natural"  system  has  been  provided.  This  "natural" 
system  may  be  made  satisfactory  to  a  certain  degree  if  properly 


92 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  93 

designed  deflecting  ventilators  are  installed  at  the  windows.  Such 
installation  is  totally  lacking. 

The  heating  facilities  in  some  of  the  seventeen  churches  bore  evidence 
of  having  been  installed  without  plan  or  program.  Some  of  the  worst 
offenders  in  this  respect  are  the  First  Congregational,  the  Mystic 
Side  and  the  Maplewood  Congregational.  The  battery  of  five  fur- 
naces installed  in  the  Congregational  and  the  two  furnaces  of  some 
of  the  small  churches  demonstrate  this  fact.  Where  basements  have 
not  been  planned  for  the  adequate  housing  of  the  heating  plant,  as 
the  picture  of  the  First  Congregational  basement  in  illustration  45, 
page  83,  indicates,  the  undesirability  of  the  situation  becomes  quite 
clear.  The  multiplication  of  heating  units  is  also  highly  undesirable 
from  the  standpoint  of  janitorial  care,  especially  to  the  degree  exist- 
ing in  the  First  Congregational. 

Another  standard  for  heating  plants  requires  their  enclosure  in 
fireproof  construction.  This  standard  has  been  followed  in  only  one 
instance.  The  fire  risk  resulting  from  the  installation  of  one  of  the 
Mystic  Side  furnaces  as  shown  in  illustration  50,  page  92,  ought  not 
to  be  assumed  by  any  community  group  in  the  expenditure  of  their 
funds. 

Heating  standards  require  that  the  furnace  in  a  "furnace-gravity" 
system  be  located  below  the  room  or  rooms  to  be  heated.  This  rule 
is  violated  in  the  Linden  Congregational,  Union  Baptist  and  Mystic 
Side  plants,  much  to  the  disfigurement  and  detriment  of  the  rooms 
wherein  the  furnaces  are  located.  The  disadvantages  of  such  location 
is  clearly  shown  in  illustrations  35,  18  and  50,  pages  72,  51  and  92. 
Supplementary  heating  by  means  of  a  small  gas  stove,  as  shown  in 
illustration  75,  page  143,  of  the  Falconer  Methodist  cannot  be  rated 
with  a  high  score  in  the  light  of  the  standards  which  have  been  devel- 
oped for  this  score  card. 

Heating  engineers  are  agreed  that  a  separate  duct  to  each  room  to 
be  heated  is  essential  when  such  ducts  are  relied  upon  to  convey  heat 
from  its  source.  Illustrations  41  and  42,  pages  78  and  79,  show  how 
Maiden  Churches  have  failed  to  observe  this  rule.  The  Maplewood 
Methodist  as  shown  in  illustration  51,  page  94,  has  a  huge  stack 
mounting  directly  from  the  furnace  in  the  basement  to  the  church 
auditorium  on  the  second  floor.  The  opening  in  this  stack  permits 
the  heated  air  also  to  enter  the  assembly  room  on  the  first  floor. 
According  to  physical  law  the  heating  of  both  rooms  is  hardly  possible 
at  the  same  time.  That  the  Linden  Methodist  has  attempted  to 
violate  the  same  physical  law  is  shown  in  illustration  42,  page  79. 


94 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


95 


Floor  registers  such  as  are  shown  in  illustration  66,  page  125,  illus- 
tration 71,  page  137,  illustration  34,  page  71,  do  not  conform  to 
standard  requirements.  Such  registers  are  dirt  and  dust  gatherers 
difficult  to  clean. 

Some  of  the  pictures  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  illustrate,  high-grade 
installation  of  radiators,  piping,  air  intakes  and  outlets  as  follows: 
Illustration  59,  page  108,  shows  properly  insulated  piping  and  well- 
located  radiators  for  a  basement  room. 

Illustration  52,  page  95,  shows  the  proper  location  of  radiators  under 
windows  and  adequately  sized  foul-air  outlets  protected  with  the 
proper  grille.  Illustration  46  shows  a  similar  outlet. 

Illustration  80,  page  149,  shows  an  air  intake  and  an  air  outlet  for  a 
classroom,  properly  located,  as  well  as  the  radiation  provided  for  one 
of  the  smaller  classrooms. 

Illustration  58,  page  107,  shows  insulated  piping  properly  hung  for  a 
basement  room. 

There  has  been  only  slight  conformance  in  the  seventeen  Maiden 
churches  to  the  standards  involved  in  "Air  Supply  and  Exhaust." 


ILLUSTRATION  52.      A  CLASS  ROOM  IN  THE  FIRST  BAPTIST  CHURCH,  THE  PLAN 
OP  WHICH  WAS  MADE  SECONDARY  TO  THE  PLANNING  OP  THE  EXTERIOR 


96  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

One  of  the  most  important  standards  under  this  heading  concerns  the 
source  of  fresh  air  supplied.  The  standards  suggest  the  following: 
"The  fresh  air  supply  for  ventilation  should  be  taken  from  an  uncon- 
taminated  source,  preferably  from  above  the  roof,  or  at  a  point  at 
least  fifteen  feet  above  the  grade  level.  The  air  supplied  should  be 
free  from  dust  and  other  impurities." 

Illustrations  47,  48  and  49,  pages  90  and  91,  point  out  the  pre- 
vailing arrangement  for  securing  fresh  air  in  the  churches  which 
have  made  provisions  for  fresh  air  supply.  Such  intakes,  even  though 
screened,  cannot  be  as  desirable  as  those  located  sufficiently  high 
above  ground  level,  and  cannot  prevent  the  entry  of  small  dirt  particles 
or  dust  and  filth  blown  directly  from  sidewalk  or  alley.  Air  drawn 
from  ground  levels  should  be  filtered  or  washed.  All  heated  air  should 
be  properly  humidified  before  entering  large  audience  rooms.  These 
provisions  are  expensive  and  yet  are  found  possible  in  large  plants. 
It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  hot,  dry  air  may  be  the  cause  of 
colds  and  sore  throats  for  a  surprisingly  large  proportion  of  an  audience. 

The  control  of  temperatures  through  automatic  thermostats  is  most 
desirable  in  buildings  serving  large  groups  of  people.  Such  installa- 
tion has  been  partially  provided  in  the  First  Baptist  plant. 

B.    Fire  Protection 

The  history  of  fire  disasters  in  buildings  in  the  United  States  wherein 
large  groups  of  people  are  housed  from  time  to  time  has  led  to  the 
establishment  of  rigid  standards  looking  toward  safety  and  the  re- 
duction of  fire  risks.  Reference  to  Table  V  shows  that  fifteen  of  the 
seventeen  churches  have  been  allotted  less  than  twenty-five  per  cent, 
of  the  possible  maximum  score  on  the  item  of  fire  protection.  It 
clearly  indicates  that  little  attention  has  been  paid  this  highly  im- 
portant element.  The  church  fires,  which  Maiden  has  already  had, 
make  it  clear  why  full  consideration  should  be  given  this  problem. 

Below  are  listed  some  of  the  elements  wherein  the  seventeen  churches 
fail  to  safeguard  sufficiently  the  men,  women  and  children  invited 
within  their  doors. 

a.  Four  "second-story"  church  auditoriums  without  adequate  exits. 

b.  Entire  lack  of  fire  apparatus  in  many  buildings. 

c.  Non-fireproof  store  rooms  filled  with  combustible  materials. 

d.  No  fire  escapes  for  non-fireproof  buildings. 

e.  Heating  apparatus  installed  without  proper  fireproofing. 

f.  Fire  extinguishers  not  properly  tagged  to  show  dates  of  refilling. 

g.  Class  rooms  of  small  children  located  on  upper  floors. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


97 


ILLUSTRATION  53.    AN  ATTRACTIVE  INTERIOR  OP  THE  CENTRE  METHODIST  CHURCH. 

THIS  SHOWS  THE  SECOND  STORY  AUDITORIUM  FLOOR  WITH  PART   OF   ITS  THIRD 

STORY  BALCONY,  WHERE  ABOUT    IOOO  PEOPLE  MAY  BE  SEATED.    AUDITORIUMS, 

UNLESS  IN  STRICTLY  FIREPROOF  BUILDINGS,  SHOULD  BE  AT  GROUND  LEVEL 


98  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

h.  Class  rooms  of  large  groups  of  children  provided  with  insufficient 

exits. 
i.  Electric  wiring  installed  contrary  to  National  Fire  Underwriters' 

regulations. 
j.  Basements  littered  with  inflammable  materials  that  should  never 

have  been  allowed  to  accumulate. 

k.  Kindling  and  waste  paper  piled  in  immediate  vicinity  of  heated 
furnace  or  boiler  without  regard  for  possible  fire  danger. 

The  desirable  standard  in  construction  is  a  building  as  highly  fire- 
proof or  fire-resisting  as  possible.  Where  this  construction  has  not 
been  used,  encased  fireproof  stair  wells  with  stairways  cut  off  from 
corridors  with  metal  and  fire-glass  doors  are  essential.  All  large 
second  story  audience  rooms  should  be  provided  with  such  fire  exits 
whether  the  building  is  fireproof  or  not.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive 
why  Maiden  has  erected  four  of  its  churches  with  their  main  auditor- 
iums on  the  second  floor.  Illustration  32,  page  70,  shows  one  of  these 
second  story  auditoriums,  that  of  the  Maplewood  Methodist.  The 
left  door  at  the  front  of  this  auditorium  leads  to  a  narrow,  poorly 
planned  stairway  and  could  be  used  by  only  a  few  persons  in  case  of 
danger.  The  only  stairway  at  the  rear  of  the  auditorium  leading  to 
the  main  entrance  of  the  church  is  shown  in  illustration  34,  page  71, 
This  stairway  is  of  none  too  substantial  wooden  construction,  and 
without  adequate  handrails.  The  illustration  shows  the  turns  which 
must  be  made  by  any  group  using  the  stairway.  No  attempt  has 
been  made  in  this  building  to  reduce  the  fire  dangers  of  the  basement 
arising  from  the  location  of  a  hot  air  furnace  system  of  heating  under 
wooden  joist  construction. 

The  "second  story"  auditorium  of  the  Robinson  Methodist  presents 
nearly  equal  possibilities  for  disaster.  The  exterior  view  of  the  Rob- 
inson Methodist  in  illustration  5,  shows  the  steep  ascent  from  the 
ground  level  to  the  first  floor.  A  second  steep  broad  stairway  with- 
out adequate  handrails  runs  from  the  first  floor  as  shown  in  illustra- 
tion 31,  page  67,  to  the  floor  of  the  auditorium  shown  in  illustration 
29,  page  66.  The  extreme  width  of  this  church  auditorium  would  add 
to  the  danger  in  case  of  fire.  The  careless  storage  of  old  shingles 
and  other  materials  in  such  a  manner  as  to  increase  the  fire  danger 
was  noticed  in  this  basement. 

Approximately  1,000  people  may  be  seated  in  the  very  attractive 
"second  story"  auditorium  of  the  Centre  Methodist  plant,  if  the 
balcony  and  choir  gallery  are  included.  The  two  main  and  the  chief 
secondary  stairways  do  not  permit  of  sufficiently  ready  egress  for 
such  a  throng.  Some  of  this  number  would  be  compelled  to  wait 
until  eighty  to  one  hundred  other  persons  had  passed  out  before  they 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


99 


100 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MA  L  DEN,    M  A  S  S.A  &JJ  ti;S  E  I5  *S          101 


could  reach  safety.  It  is  unfortunate  tli£t'thfe*auditofiurh*has  been 
located  as  it  is.  The  close  proximity  of  other  non-fireproof  build- 
ings, the  non-fireproof  nature  of  the  Centre  Methodist  structure 
and  the  wooden  construction  of  its  stairways,  as  shown  in  illustrations 
25  and  26,  page  65,  make  further  precautions  for  safety  quite  neces- 
sary. Other  elements  adding  to  the  dangers  are  the  store  rooms,  and 
other  rooms  under  the  stairways  and  the  fact  that  the  balcony  with 
its  seating  capacity  of  350  to  400  may  be  considered  as  being  on  the 
third  floor. 

From  the  viewpoint  of  "fire  protection"  the  Linden  Congregational 
"second  story"  auditorium  has  little  to  commend  it.  Located  in  a 
relatively  thinly  populated  section,  it  should  have  been  possible  to 
have  secured  a  large  enough  site  for  a  one-story  building  instead  of 
the  present  poorly  conceived  building.  The  secondary  stairway  in 
this  building  will  supplement  the  main  double  stairway  only  slightly. 
Illustration  33,  page  71,  shows  how  poorly  planned  the  latter  stair- 
ways are. 

Much  of  the  construction  in  the  seventeen  church  plants  is  not  fire- 
proof. Many  of  the  standards  under  this  item  have,  however,  been 
followed  in  the  reconstruction  of  the  First  Baptist  plant.  The  fire- 
proof stairways  of  the  building  are  especially  to  be  commended. 
No  building  to  be  used  for  public  or  semi-public  purposes  should  be 
built  of  wood  if  the  height  is  to  exceed  one  story  above  the  basement. 
This  standard,  highly  necessary  for  safety,  is  violated  in  seven  of  the 
seventeen  churches. 

Illustrations  43,  page  80,  28,  page  65,  and  54,  page  99,  confirm  the 
necessity  for  this  standard.  These  three  pictures  lead  from  a  most 
disreputable  basement  with  every  possible  fire  danger  lurking  about, 
to  the  equally  dangerous  store  room  adjoining  a  class  room  and  located 
under  the  partially  concealed  roof  rafters.  To  be  sure,  conditions 
shown  in  these  pictures  ought  not  to  be  tolerated  in  any  church. 
Fireproof  construction  would,  on  the  other  hand,  ward  off  the  pos- 
sible results  of  such  disregard  for  the  safety  of  human  beings. 

In  illustrations  45,  page  83,  and  57,  page  105,  may  be  seen  the  base- 
ment of  the  First  Congregational  Church  with  the  large  assembly 
room  for  its  church  school  located  on  the  floor  directly  above.  It 
seems  unfair  to  children  to  ask  them  to  attend  school  in  the  large  room 
below  which  such  possibilities  of  fire  danger  exist  as  are  to  be  found 
in  this  basement.  The  basement  is  congested  with  furniture,  jani- 
tor's equipment,  fire  wood,  waste  paper  and  the  multiplicity  of  hot- 
air  furnaces  which  heat  this  building.  The  open  electric  wiring, 
the  piles  of  paper,  the  uncovered  warm  air  flues,  the  unprotected 


102  C-HURC.H    BUILDING    SURVEY 


joists  over  the  furnace  and  the  gas  jets  may  be  noted  as  possible 
sources  of  fire  danger. 

The  disregard  of  fire  dangers  evidenced  in  the  basements  shown 
in  illustrations  43,  44  and  45,  pages  80,  82  and  83,  was  found  to 
prevail  in  other  church  plants  only  in  slightly  less  degree.  In  fact 
it  seemed  to  be  an  outstanding  feature  of  the  plants  taken  as  a 
whole.  Types  of  heating  installation  involving  a  minimum  of  pro- 
tection against  fire  hazards  may  be  seen  in  illustrations  50,  page  92, 
and  44,  page  82. 

No  fire  escapes  have  been  provided  for  any  of  the  seventeen  churches. 
The  need  for  such  escapes  has  been  pointed  out  with  respect  to  the 
churches  with  "second  story"  auditoriums.  The  need  is  also  clear 
in  other  instances.  In  illustration  55,  page  100,  may  be  seen  a  large 
section  of  the  primary  room  on  the  second  floor  of  Centre  Methodist 
plant.  This  room  has  many  attractive  features,  but  its  location  on 
the  second  floor  and  its  rather  unsatisfactory  approach  detracts 
from  its  desirability.  The  door  at  the  right  center  is  the  main  exit 
and  under  certain  conditions  it  seems  that  it  may  be  the  only  exit. 
The  door  at  the  left  rear  is  reported  as  usually  being  locked.  When 
opened,  no  satisfactory  outlet  is  furnished  for  children  at  this  point. 
The  doors  in  the  center  of  the  picture  lead  to  the  low  room  under- 
neath the  choir  gallery,  used  as  a  cloak-room  for  the  church  school. 
The  main  exit  is  through  a  narrow  corridor  into  which  other  class 
rooms  empty  and  down  the  stairway  of  illustration  26,  page  65, 
It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  other  class  rooms  on  the  third  floor 
use  this  same  stairway,  that  the  stairway  narrows  down  at  its  mid- 
dle section  and  that  these  children  belong  to  the  Primary  Depart- 
ment. The  loose  chairs  and  tables  of  this  room  will  also  add  to  the 
difficulty  of  exit  in  case  of  danger. 

The  rooms  on  the  third  floor  directly  above  the  Primary  Department 
are  most  inadequately  provided  with  exits.  Fire  escapes  for  these 
rooms  are  most  essential. 

The  wooden  residential  structure  used  by  St.  Paul's  Church  for  in- 
structional purposes  also  fails  to  safeguard  its  occupants  to  the  degree 
possible  and  desirable.  Such  a  three  story  structure  without  fire 
escapes  suffices  for  residential  purposes.  The  situation  changes 
immediately  when  many  groups  of  young  people  are  housed  therein. 

Electric  wire,  in  order  to  produce  a  maximum  of  safety  should  be 
laid  in  conduit.  The  faulty  wiring  to  be  observed  in  illustrations 
43  and  45,  page  80  and  83,  is  typical  of  the  situation  in  the  majority 
of  the  seventeen  churches. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


103 


104  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


C.     Cleaning  System 

The  preferable  type  of  cleaning  system  is  the  stationary  vacuum 
with  permanent  piping  and  discharge  into  a  proper  receptacle  located 
in  the  basement.  Such  a  system  has  been  installed  in  the  Centre 
Methodist  plant  and  from  the  condition  of  the  floors  and  walls  seemed 
to  be  very  satisfactory.  The  condition  of  the  First  Baptist  Church, 
Linden  Methodist,  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist,  First  Congregational 
(with  exception  of  basement)  and  People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene, 
placed  them  above  the  others  as  to  cleanliness.  The  standards  in- 
volve three  elements,  the  kind .  of  equipment,  its  installation,  and 
efficiency  as  judged  from  the  prevalence  of  dirt,  dust,  rubbish  and 
the  like.  Church  plants  should  be  models  of  cleanliness  and  orderli- 
ness. The  example  set  by  the  church  may  well  be  expected  to  trans- 
fer to  the  homes  of  the  church.  If  the  example  set  by  a  few  of  the 
seventeen  churches  of  Maiden  were  followed  in  any  of  the  homes  of 
those  churches,  the  efficiency  of  the  church  might  be  seriously  ques- 
tioned. No  church  should  fail  to  provide  a  maximum  of  cleaning 
apparatus  and  materials  and  should  then  assure  itself  that  they  are 
constantly  applied. 

D.    Artificial  Lighting 

In  institutions  such  as  a  church  and  religious  education  plant,  the 
most  desirable  artificial  illumination  is  a  semi-indirect  electricity  sys- 
tem. Indirect  lighting  may  also  be  employed  with  especially 
satisfactory  results  where  the  wall  coloring  permits  of  a  maximum  of 
reflection  of  light.  Direct  lighting  is  rarely  acceptable  since  the  source 
of  light  frequently  lies  in  the  line  of  vision  and  thereby  causes  eye- 
irritation  or  is  at  least  distracting.  Lighting  of  large  rooms  by  gas  is 
also  unsatisfactory  because  of  the  need  for  frequent  replacement  of 
appliances,  the  odor  and  discolorations  that  frequently  occur,  and  the 
difficulty  of  lighting.  Both  gas  and  electricity  should,  however  be 
provided  in  corridors  and  stairways  of  church  buildings  so  that  a 
means  of  lighting  may  be  available  in  case  accident  cuts  off  the 
electric  power. 

Examples  of  the  varying  degrees  of  installation  and  illumination  by 
means  of  artificial  lighting  found  in  the  seventeen  churches  may  be  ob- 
served in  the  half-tones  of  this  book. 

SAMPLES  OF  VERY  DEFECTIVE  LIGHTING 

Illustration  81,  page  51.  Basement  of  the  Union  Baptist  Church. 
Gas  fixtures  only  partially  equipped  with  mantles  and  globes. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


105 


5  H 


106  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


Illustration  81,  page  151.  Maplewood  Baptist  class  room  and  kitchen. 
Very  meager  gas  equipment. 

Illustrations  £0  and  62,  pages  92  and  117.  Mystic  Side  Congrega- 
tional Church  School  Assembly  and  Church  Auditorium.  Lighted 
by  gas  only. 

Illustration  51,  page  94.  Maplewood  Methodist  School  Assembly 
Lighted  by  direct  method  of  electricity.  Obsolete  gas  fixtures  also 
provided. 

Illustration  71,  page  137.  Linden  Congregational  Kitchen.  Insuffi- 
cient number  of  fixtures.  No  wall  fixtures  for  tables  and  sink. 
Clear  glass  bulbs  for  direct  lighting. 

Illustration  71,  page  137.  Maplewood  Baptist  Church  School 
Assembly.  Direct  wall  lighting  at  front  of  room  into  which  auditors 
must  look.  Gas  side  lights  of  questionable  value.  Central  chandelier 
of  direct  lighting  which  cannot  provide  adequate  diffusion. 

Illustration  56,  page  103.  St.  Paul's  Church  School  Assembly.  Very 
objectionable  unprotected  direct  lighting  hanging  too  low. 

SAMPLES  OF  FAIR  LIGHTING 

Illustration  42,  page  79.  Linden  Methodist  Church  School  Assembly. 
Lights  distributed  throughout  room.  Direct  lighting  with  ground 
glass  tips  and  opalite  glass  reflectors. 

Illustration  55,  page  100.  Centre  Methodist  Primary  Class  Room. 
Direct  lighting  but  placed  near  the  ceiling,  properly  distributed  and 
with  porcelain  shades  which  partially  protect  the  eyes  from  the  source 
of  light. 

Illustration  32,  page  70.  Maplewood  Methodist  Church  Auditorium. 
Direct  lighting,  but  because  of  its  height  and  location  away  from  the 
center  of  the  room  not  so  objectionable  as  it  otherwise  might  be. 

Illustration  73,  page  141.  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist. 
Community  Room.  Direct  lighting  made  fairly  satisfactory  through 
proper  location  of  fixtures  and  shading  of  lamps.  Questionable  loca- 
tion of  wall  fixtures  on  stage. 

SAMPLES  OF  DESIRABLE  SEMI-INDIRECT  LIGHTING 

Illustrations  76,  52  and  46,  pages  144, 95  and  84.  First  Baptist  Church 
Class  Rooms  and  Parlor.  Source  of  light  hidden.  Walls  properly 
tinted  to  reflect  light.  A  sufficient  number  of  fixtures  provided. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


107 


108 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          109 


ILLUSTRATION  60.     THE  EXTREMELY  UNSANITARY  TOILET  PROVISIONS 
OF  THE  ST.  LUKE'S  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 


110  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

Illustrations  77  and  57,  pages  145  and  105.  First  Congregational 
Class  Room  and  Church  School  Assembly.  Well  lighted  by  semi- 
indirect  method  with  proper  distribution  of  fixtures  about  the  assembly. 

Illustration  67,  page  172.  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  Small  Assembly 
Room.  Light  well  diffused  through  porcelain.  Church  auditorium 
also  so  lighted.  Fully  equipped  gas  fixture  at  left  for  auxiliary  lighting. 

Illustrations  64  and  65,  pages  121  and  122.  First  Baptist  Church 
Auditorium.  Well  distributed  light  through  translucent  bowls. 

SAMPLES  OF  DESIRABLE  INDIRECT  LIGHTING 

Illustrations  58  and  82,  pages  107  and  153.  First  Baptist  Church. 
Dining  Room  and  School  Assembly.  Lights  suspended  in  opaque 
bowls  and  in  close  proximity  to  ceiling.  Reflected  light  only  reaches 
diners  or  auditors. 

E.    Toilet  Systems 

This  equipment  varies  from  such '  excellent  installation  as  is  to  be 
found  in  Centre  Methodist  and  First  Baptist  plants  as  shown  in 
illustration  59,  page  108,  to  the  very  inferior  and  ill-kept  equipment 
such  as  is  shown  in  the  illustration  60,  page  109,  and  is  to  be  found  in 
St.  Luke's  and  Maplewood  Baptist  plants.  The  toilet  equipment  of 
the  church  plant  should  be  superior  in  every  respect.  It  should  set  the 
standard  for  all  other  public  and  semi-public  buildings  and  especially 
for  the  homes.  The  utmost  of  cleanliness  and  perfect  sanitation 
should  prevail.  This  standard  was  being  successfully  achieved  in 
some  of  the  church  plants.  In  others,  highly  unsatisfactory  con- 
ditions prevailed;  the  equipment  was  inadequate,  no  provision  was 
made  for  the  separation  of  the  sexes;  toilet  paper  was  lacking  as  in 
illustration  60  page  109;  evidence  pointed  toward  almost  total  lack 
of  care;  and  in  one  instance  the  presence  of  considerable  obscene 
writing  in  the  toilet  booths  indicated  a  lack  of  proper  supervision. 
The  foul  toilet  in  the  basement  of  the  Maplewood  Baptist  plant  should 
not  have  been  allowed  to  exist  in  any  institution,  expecially  not  in  a 
church.  Every  church  board  in  Maiden  should  assure  itself  that  the 
standards  of  sanitation  and  cleanliness  are  not  being  violated  in  its 
institution. 

F.    Water  Supply 

The  standards  for  water  supply  include  three  divisions: 

1.  Drinking  fountains 

2.  Washing  provisions 

3.  Hot  and  cold  water 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


111 


With  the  exception  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  the  seventeen 
churches  fail  in  great  degree  to  meet  the  standards  of  this  item. 
Drinking  fountains  are  conspicuous  by  their  absence.  The  splendid 
fountains  in  the  First  Baptist  Church  are  in  marked  contrast  to  the 
total  lack  of  provision  for  sanitary  drinking  in  other  plants.  Illus- 
tration 80,  page  149,  shows  a  class  room  for  young  children  with  a 
drinking  fountain  installed.  With  similar  installations  in  corridors 
and  other  class  rooms  for  very  young  children,  this  school  and  church 
plant  is  given  a  high  score  on  this  item.  Such  installation  as  is 
shown  in  the  Maplewood  Methodist,  illustration  61,  on  this  page,  with- 
out the  sanitary  bubbler  equipment,  is  adequate  reason  for  a  very  low 
score.  Past  failure  in  the  establishment  of  standards  in  this  field  is  no 
doubt  responsible  for  the  inadequacy  that  Maiden  churches  display 
on  this  item. 

The  provision  for  washing  the  hands  are  superior  to  the  facilities 
provided  for  drinking  water.  It  is  highly  satisfactory  to  find  two 
churches  with  such  high-grade  wash  bowl  installation  as  is  found  in 
the  Centre  Methodist  and  the  First  Baptist  churches.  In  illustration 
59,  page  108,  may  be  seen  the  high-grade  plumbing  of  one  of  these 


ILLUSTRATION  6l.     UNATTRACTIVE,  POORLY-EQUIPPED  KITCHEN  OF  THE 
MAPLEWOOD  METHODIST  CHURCH 


112  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

plants.  Soap  dispensers,  paper  toweling  and  waste  paper  basket  are 
attractive  elements  in  this  situation.  In  some  plants,  wash  bowls 
are  lacking  entirely  or  remote  from  toilets.  In  other  plants  the  only 
place  where  hands  may  be  washed  is  the  kitchen  sink  which  also  is 
apparently  used  as  a  slop  sink  for  the  janitor.  The  standards  on  page 
186  covering  this  item  should  be  adopted  by  all  church  plants  which  are 
to  be  used  over  a  period  of  years.  Adequate  toilet  provision  should 
be  paralleled  with  the  necessary  wash  bowl  installations. 

It  is  desirable  that  hot  water  be  supplied  at  all  wash  bowls  and  sinks. 
The  instantaneous  heaters,  to  be  observed  in  illustrations  86,  page 
163,  and  83,  page  159,  make  this  provision  easily  possible.  High-grade 
kitchen  sinks  may  be  seen  in  illustrations  83,  page  159,  and  86,  page 
161.  The  sink  of  the  Linden  Congregational  plant,  illustration  84, 
page  161,  with  its  supply  of  cold  water  only,  presents  a  real  handicap 
to  adequate  kitchen  service. 

G.    Other  Service  Systems 

The  standards  for  these  auxiliary  systems,  such  as  clocks,  signal 
systems,  telephones,  and  service  lifts  are  met  in  varying  degrees  in 
the  seventeen  plants.  The  efficiency  of  a  plant  depends  in  consider- 
able degree  upon  the  amount  of  acceptance  that  is  found  of  the  stan- 
dards as  outlined  on  page  187.  Large  plants,  destined  for  community 
service,  cannot  be  expected  to  be  efficient  without  telephones,  clocks 
and  signal  systems.  The  scores  allotted  these  items  indicate  that 
advantageous  changes  can  be  made  in  some  plants.  The  auxiliary 
service  systems  of  the  First  Baptist  and  Centre  Methodist  plants 
were  rated  high  by  the  judges. 

H.     Service  Rooms  and  Fuel  Rooms 

On  page  188  are  incorporated  the  standards  for  these  rooms. 
The  janitorial  force  of  a  building  cannot  be  expected  to  serve  that 
building  efficiently  unless  provided  with  a  proper  workshop  and  with 
proper  tools.  Adequate  provisions  for  janitors  will,  in  the  future, 
be  considered  more  and  more  necessary  as  buildings  become  better 
equipped  to  perform  the  service  demanded  of  them.  In  the  majority 
of  the  seventeen  church  plants  the  fuel  room  has  also  been  located 
and  constructed  without  regard  to  modern  standards.  Such  ele- 
ments as  fire-proofness  and  dust-proofness  have  evidently  not  been 
included  among  the  considerations  on  which  they  have  been  built. 
A  scale  of  fuel  rooms  will  show  the  First  Baptist  fireproof  room  at 
the  upper  end  with  a  large  number  of  fuel  rooms  at  the  lower  end, 
such  as  those  of  the  Faulkner  Methodist,  the  Mystic  Side  Congrega- 
tional and  the  Maple  wood  Baptist. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASS.  113 

CHAPTER  V 

Item  IV*     Church  Rooms 

A  IS  to  be  expected,  the  item  of  "Church  Rooms"  is  more  ade- 
quately cared  for  in  the  churches  of  Maiden  than  in  any  other 
of  the  six  main  divisions  of  the  score  card.  Even  though  this 
is  true,  the  total  scores  given  to  the  churches  on  this  item  show  that 
most  of  them  do  not  even  approximate  the  maximum  standards 
set  for  these  rooms.  The  total  score  for  this  point  is  the  sum  of  the 
scores  given  on  the  items:  A,  Convenience  of  Arrangement;  B, 
Auditorium;  C,  Chapel  or  Small  Assembly  Room;  D,  Parlor  and 
Church  Board  Room;  E,  Church  Office;  F,  Pastor's  Study,  and  G, 
Church  Vault.  The  rank,  actual  score,  and  highest  possible  score  of 
each  church  for  the  item  of  Church  Rooms  and  the  score  for  the  above 
sub-items  are  given  in  Table  VII  and  shown  in  Chart  V. 

An  analysis  of  the  several  sub-items  will  show  existing  conditions  in 
Maiden  better  than  the  total  scores,  since  it  will  indicate  more 
specifically  where  the  strong  and  weak  points  are  and  some  of  the 
possibilities  of  remedying  them.  The  lower  chart  shows  the  upper 
chart  divided  according  to  the  major  subdivisions  of  the  item,  Church 
Rooms. 

A.     Convenience  of  Arrangement 

In  some  of  the  churches  where  the  score  for  this  item  is  relatively 
high,  it  is  because  the  convenience  of  the  rooms  was  definitely  planned 
for  at  the  time  of  building.  This  was  the  case  in  the  First  Baptist, 
the  People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene,  the  Linden  Methodist  and 
others.  In  some  of  the  churches  the  fact  that  the  present  plant  is  the 
result  of  one  or  more  additions,  with  the  limitations  thus  placed 
upon  convenience  of  arrangement,  makes  the  scores  relatively 
low.  This  is  particularly  true  of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal,  the  Robinson 
Methodist,  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  and  the  Maplewood  Methodist. 

In  several  of  the  churches  the  "  Church  Rooms"  consist  largely  of  the 
auditorium,  and  when  other  rooms  in  this  group  are  provided  they 
are  frequently  put  into  any  available  space  regardless  of  their  con- 
venience with  reference  to  the  main  auditorium  and  the  principal 
entrances.  There  are  several  arguments  against  having  a  church  or 
school  auditorium  upon  the  second  floor  of  a  building,  only  one  of 
of  which 'is  the  inevitable  inconvenience  of  arrangement  with  the 
other  rooms.  Four  of  the  churches  surveyed  have  second  story  audi- 


114 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


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116  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

toriums.  These  are  the  Centre  Methodist,  the  Robinson  Methodist, 
the  Maplewood  Methodist  and  the  Linden  Congregational.  In  a 
sense  the  auditorium  of  the  Maplewood  Congregational  may  be  con- 
sidered as  being  on  the  second  floor.  The  desirability  of  the  splendid 
auditorium  of  the  Centre  Methodist  is  seriously  reduced  because  of 
this  fact.  In  the  Robinson  Methodist  the  second  floor  auditorium 
is  reached  by  two  straight,  steep  flights  of  stairs,  one  on  the  outside 
of  the  building.  The  inadequacy  and  inconvenience  of  the  arrange- 
ment of  church  rooms  in  the  Maplewood  Methodist  is  as  bad  as  any 
in  the  city.  The  auditorium  shown  in  illustration  32,  page  70,  is 
reached  only  by  the  stairway  shown  in  illustration  34,  page  71.  This 
narrow,  poorly  arranged,  wooden  stairway  is  wholly  inadequate, 
since  it  does  not  permit  more  than  two  people  abreast  to  ascend  or 
descend.  The  stairway  to  the  choir  room  and  choir  gallery  is  so  nar- 
row, winding  and  poorly  lighted  that  it  is  inconvenient  and  dangerous 
even  for  ordinary  use.  The  same  inconvenience  of  arrangement  is 
caused  in  the  Linden  Congregational  Church  by  having  the  auditor- 
ium upon  the  second  floor.  It  is  impossible  to  reach  the  auditorium 
from  several  of  the  first  floor  rooms  without  passing  through  other 
rooms.  Illustration  33,  page  71,  shows  the  awkward  sunken  en- 
trance to  the  school  auditorium  and  one  of  the  winding  stairways  to 
the  auditorium  upstairs. 

In  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church  the  joining  of  the  two  buildings  which 
make  the  present  plant  was  not  done  with  any  idea  of  convenience 
in  using  the  two  buildings  at  the  same  time.  The  sketch  of  the  floor 
plan  (not  drawn  to  scale)  will  show  the  difficulty  of  passing  from  the 
church  auditorium  to  the  school  auditorium  or  school  rooms.  If  this 
is  to  be  accomplished  without  going  out  of  doors,  it  must  be  done 
by  going  through  the  robing-room,  and  around  the  organ  through 
an  opening  just  large  enough  to  permit  one  person  to  pass  at  a  time. 
Illustration  39,  page  76,  shows  the  way  the  two  buildings  are  united 
and  illustration  38,  page  76,  shows  the  main  church  and  school  foyer 
and  the  passage  into  the  room  back  of  the  organ. 

The  Maplewood  Baptist  Church  is  one  of  the  churches  where  the 
rooms  are  conveniently  located  both  with  reference  to  each  other  and 
also  to  the  entrances.  The  one  outstanding  defect  in  this  element 
is  the  location  of  the  church  parlor  in  a  back  second  floor  room  reached 
by  the  steep  narrow  stairway  shown  in  illustration  28,  page  65. 

The  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  Church  is  a  good  example  of  church  rooms 
arranged  conveniently  and  in  s'ich  a  way  as  to  secure  a  maximum  of 
use.  The  main  church  auditorium  opens  directly  by  means  of  large 
sliding  doors  into  the  smaller  assembly  room  at  the  rear.  This  makes 


OF    MALDEN,     MASSACHUSETTS 


117 


118  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


it  possible  to  supplement  the  seating  capacity  of  the  larger  room  by 
that  of  the  smaller.  This  use  could  be  made  moire  readily  if  the  pews 
in  the  smaller  room  were  permanently  faced  in  the  opposite  direction, 
which  would  have  the  added  advantage  of  keeping  the  congregation, 
when  using  the  smaller  room,  from  having  to  look  directly  into  the 
windows  in  front.  This  is  shown  in  illustration  67,  page  127.  The 
pastor's  study,  the  church  office,  the  clerk's  room  and  the  mother's 
room  are  all  conveniently  located  off  the  smaller  auditorium. 

The  First  Baptist  Church  is  another  example  of  conveniently  located 
rooms.  Illustration  65,  page  121,  shows  the  supplementary  location 
of  the  smaller  religious  assembly  room  with  reference  to  the  main 
church  auditorium.  The  other  church  rooms,  with  the  exception 
of  the  church  office,  are  conveniently  located  with  reference  to  the 
entrances  and  the  main  church  auditorium.  The  church  office  is  very 
inconveniently  located  on  an  upper  floor  of  the  church  school  building. 

As  the  community  activities  of  the  several  churches  are  enlarged 
and  the  rooms  are  used  at  anything  like  their  maximum  capacity, 
the  item  of  arrangement  will  be  given  much  more  consideration  than 
it  has  in  the  past. 

B.    Auditorium 

The  church  auditorium  is  considered,  by  the  judges  whose  opinions 
determined  the  allotments  of  points  on  this  score  card,  to  be  the 
most  important  single  item  in  the  church  and  religious  education 
plant.  In  the  group  of  church  school  rooms  it  represents  over  half 
of  the  total  score  possible,  being  responsible  for  95  of  the  170  points. 

The  church  auditorium  is  so  fundamental  to  the  existence  and  per- 
sistence of  any  church  group  that  the  auditorium  is  provided  whether 
any  other  room  is  or  not.  Because  this  room  represents  so  large  a 
proportion  of  the  score  and  because  it  plays  such  an  important  part 
in  the  religious  service  which  any  church  renders  to  its  community, 
the  score  has  been  divided  into  the  thirteen  sub-items  which  appear 
on  the  score  card  and  which  makes  it  possible  to  evaluate  more  accur- 
ately the  adequacy  of  the  auditorium  when  considered  as  a  total. 
It  will  present  the  situation  in  a  more  helpful  way  if  the  auditoriums 
of  the  seventeen  churches  of  Maiden  which  were  surveyed  are  dis- 
cussed with  reference  to  the  sub-items. 

1.    SIZE  OP  AUDITORIUM 

Because  of  the  importance  of  the  auditorium,  it  is  fairly  safe  to  as- 
sume that  it  is  adequate  in  size  for  the  congregation  using  it.  When 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


119 


ILLUSTRATION  63.     THE   VERY  ATTRACTIVE  INTERIOR  OF  THE  CHURCH 
AUDITORIUM  OF  THE  ST.  PAUL'S  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 


120 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION  64.     THE   WELL-LIGHTED,  ATTRACTIVELY   DECORATED  AND 
PLEASINGLY  PLANNED  AUDITORIUM  OF  THE  FIRST  BAPTIST  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          121 


M 


ILLUSTRATION  65.      SHOWING  THE  BALCONY  AND  DESIRABLE  CONNECTION 
BETWEEN  AUDITORIUM  AND  CHANEL.     FIRST  BAPTIST  CHURCH 


122  CHURCH    BUILDING     SURVEY 

it  is  evident  that  the  auditorium  will  not  accommodate  all  who  desire 
to  come — when,  in  other  words,  it  is  obvious  that  the  size  of  the  audi- 
torium is  keeping  people  from  worshipping  who  otherwise  would 
come,  it  inevitably  starts  a  building  campaign.  It  may  be  said  of 
the  Maiden  churches  that  most  of  them  have  auditoriums  large  enough 
to  seat  the  present  congregations.  This  is  conspicuously  not  true  of 
the  Mystic  Side  Congregational  Church  and  the  Union  Baptist,  both 
of  which  are  overcrowded  and  seriously  handicapped  by  lack  of  space. 
Practically  all  of  the  church  auditoriums,  with  the  exception  of  the 
First  Baptist,  the  Centre  Methodist  and  the  First  Congregational, 
are  too  small  to  accommodate  well-attended  union  meetings,  or  en- 
larged community  gatherings. 

2.    SHAPE  OF  AUDITORIUM 

The  auditoriums  of  the  surveyed  cnurches  in  Maiden  are  quite  gen- 
erally satisfactory  in  shape.  Most  of  them  are  rectangular,  with  the 
pulpit  and  organ  at  one  of  the  narrow  ends.  They  are  also  uniformly 
good  in  the  ratio  of  width  to  length,  which  should  be  approximately 
three  to  four.  The  length  should  never  be  more  than  twice  the  width. 
Only  two  of  the  churches  in  Maiden  are  not  given  perfect  scores  in 
this  item,  and  they  are  the  Mystic  Side  Congregational  and  the  Robin- 
son Methodist.  In  both  of  these,  and  particularly  in  the  Robinson, 
shown  in  illustration  29,  page  66,  the  width  is  too  great  for  the  length 
and  makes  it  impossible  for  all  the  congregation  to  have  a  direct  view 
of  the  speaker.  This  fact  is  true  of  the  auditorium  of  the  People's 
Church  of  the  Nazarene,  when  the  doors  are  open  and  the  school 
assembly  makes  a  part  of  the  main  auditorium. 

3.  SEATING 

Nine  of  the  seventeen  churches  received  a  perfect  score  for  their  audi- 
torium seats,  which  would  indicate  that  the  pews  are  comfortable, 
properly  faced  relative  to  the  pulpit  and  platform  and  arranged  with 
aisles  so  that  not  more  than  twelve  seats  are  between  aisles.  The 
seats  used  in  the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist,  Maplewood  Baptist,  St. 
Luke's  Episcopal,  Maplewood  Congregational,  Linden  Congrega- 
tional and  Union  Baptist  are  not  standard  and  lack  either  in  form  or 
comfort  or  both. 

4.  BALCONY 

A  church  auditorium  seating  less  than  three  hundred  people  should 
not  have  a  balcony.  Unless  the  room  seats  over  four  hundred,  the 
balcony  should  be  located  at  the  rear  of  the  room.  The  balcony  of 
the  First  Baptist  Church  is  inadequate,  and  it  has  the  disadvantage 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          123 

of  being  reached  by  winding  stairways.  With  the  present  arrange- 
ment, people  seated  in  the  upper  seats  of  the  balcony  face  an  annoy- 
ing glare  from  the  auditorium  lights.  The  relation  of  balcony  to 
auditorium  is  shown  in  illustration  65,  page  121.  The  balconies  of  the 
Centre  Methodist,  illustration  53,  page  97,  and  the  Maplewood 
Methodist,  are  the  only  two  to  be  given  the  total  possible  five  points. 
Several  of  the  churches  have  small  balconies,  inaccessible  and  with 
poor  seating  arrangements.  One  or  two  show  by  the  conditions  of 
the  seats  that  they  are  not  used. 

5.  PULPIT  AND  PLATFORM 

All  of  the  churches  surveyed,  have,  of  course,  provided  for  pulpits 
and  speaker's  platform.  The  pulpits  are  in  almost  all  cases  remov- 
able, so  that  the  platform  may  be  utilized  for  other  purposes,  but  the 
platform  is  generally  inadequate  in  size  for  such  uses.  The  low  scores 
on  this  item  in  several  of  the  churches  were  due  to  lack  of  equipment, 
chairs  of  pulpit  not  in  harmony  with  the  remainder  of  the  room,  in- 
accessibility of  the  platform  from  choir  gallery  or  from  main  auditor- 
ium, too  low  or  too  high  elevation  of  the  platform  or  inadequate  size 
or  shape. 

6.  BAPTISMAL  EQUIPMENT 

This  item  was  provided  for  in  varying  degrees  of  adequacy,  but  in 
most  cases  sufficient  provision  was  made  for  the  needs  of  the  church. 
In  the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  Church  and  the  People's  Church  of  the 
Nazarene,  there  was  inadequate  provision  for  dressing  rooms  and  for 
seclusion  in  entering  and  leaving  the  baptistry.  The  most  adequate 
provision  for  this  rite  is  made  in  the  memorial  baptistry  of  the  First 
Baotist  Church,  shown  in  illustration  64,  page  120. 

7.    COMMUNION  EQUIPMENT 

Practically  all  churches  have  adequately  provided  for  this  item.  In  a 
few  cases  the  service  is  not  complete  and  several  of  the  churches  do 
not  have  on  the  pews  the  containers  for  the  individual  cups.  The 
maximum  of  equipment  is  reached  in  the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist 
Church  in  which  a  room  is  set  aside  for  this  service. 

8.    ORGANS 

The  organ  equipment  of  the  seventeen  surveyed  churches  varies  from 
the  large,  adequate  organ  and  echo  organ  of  the  First  Baptist  to  the 
ordinary  portable  box  organ  of  the  Union  Baptist  and  the  Linden 
Methodist.  Many  of  the  churches  have  purchased  good  pipe  organs 
and  show  their  realization  of  the  important  place  of  music  in  their  ser- 


124  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

vices.  In  several  cases  the  organs  have  not  been  as  carefully  installed 
as  possible  and  inadequate  space  is  left  for  the  full  speaking  power  of 
the  organ.  Detailed  standards  for  two  and  three  manual  church 
organs  are  given  in  Appendix  II,  pages  205  to  210, 

9.    CHOIR  GALLERY 

Most  of  the  Maiden  churches  have  made  provision  for  their  choirs. 
Few  have,  however,  made  any  provision  for  larger  choruses  in  com- 
munity pageants  or  holiday  choral  programs.  The  choir  gallery  in 
the  First  Baptist  would  be  much  more  effective  if  so  much  space 
were  not  wasted  in  order  to  provide  passageways  to  the  baptistry. 
But  few  of  the  churches  have  choir  galleries  which  can  be  used  in  con- 
junction with  the  platform  and  thus  increase  the  available  space  upon 
occasion.  The  choir  galleries  in  some  of  the  larger  churches  are  seri- 
ously handicapped  by  difficult,  narrow  stairways  or  doors  leading 
to  the  gallery.  This  is  true  of  the  First  Baptist  and  the  First  Parish 
in  Maiden,  Universalist,  and  in  the  Maplewood  Methodist.  If  the 
galleries  are  to  be  used  for  pageantry  and  processionals  it  is  desirable 
to  have  inclines  for  approaches  rather  than  stairways.  Most  of  the 
choir  galleries  lack  many  of  the  special  provisions  which  make  them 
more  usable,  such  as  special  lights,  music  holders,  floors  constructed 
on  two  levels  or  portable  risers  for  banking  choruses,  etc. 

10.    CHOIR  ROOMS 

A  standard  choir  room  is  not  be  found  in  Maiden.  Many  of  the 
churches  have  places  where  a  small  choir  may  assemble,  and  hang  up 
their  wraps,  but  only  three  or  four  of  the  churches  have  made  any 
attempt  to  provide  choir  rooms.  In  St.  Paul's  the  present  choir  room 
is  in  the  old  building.  See  illustration  66,  page  125.  It  is  a  large, 
barren  room  with  a  piano,  uncomfortable  benches  and  inadequate 
lockers  for  the  choir  robes.  This  is  the  only  choir  room  large  enough 
to  serve  as  a  rehearsal  room.  For  further  standards  of  these  rooms 
as  to  size,  number,  location,  and  equipment,  see  pages  193  and  194. 

11.    ACOUSTICS 

In  the  large  auditoriums  of  the  Maiden  churches  surveyed  there  is 
practically  no  acoustic  problem.  The  length  of  the  auditorium  and 
balcony  of  the  First  Baptist  is  such  as  to  cause  a  slight  echo  which  is 
not  at  all  annoying  when  the  room  is  well  filled.  Many  of  the  churches 
received  perfect  scores  on  this  item  because  they  are  correct  in  shape 
for  good  acoustics  and  the  auditoriums  are  so  small  that  there  is  no 
trouble  about  being  heard  in  all  parts  of  the  room. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


125 


126  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


12.    ESTHETIC  EFFECT 

Three  Maiden  churches  received  the  maximum  five  points  on  this 
item.  They  are  the  First  Baptist,  illustrations  64,  page  120,  and  65, 
page  121,  the  Centre  Methodist,  illustration  53,  page  97,  and  St. 
Paul's  Episcopal,  illustration  63,  page  119.  St.  Luke's  Episcopal,  the 
Linden  Methodist  and  the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  provide  examples 
of  smaller  auditoriums  which  are  clean  and  bright  and  decorated  in 
good  esthetic  taste.  The  impression  of  the  auditorium  of  the  Eastern 
Avenue  Baptist  is  marred  by  the  various  colored  borders  of  the  win- 
dows. In  some  respects  the  auditorium  of  the  First  Parish  in  Mai- 
den, Universalist,  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  in  the  city,  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  its  windows  are  so  heavily  colored  and  with  such  a  varia- 
tion in  the  colors  used  that  it  results  in  a  trying  light  so  inade- 
quate as  to  produce  a  depressing  gloom.  There  were  only  0.2  foot 
candles*  in  the  center  of  this  auditorium  at  the  middle  of  the  day, 
while  at  the  pulpit  and  in  the  balcony  there  were  respectively  only  0.08 
and  0.02  foot  candles.  This  was  not  enough  light  to  read  by  without 
the  severest  eye  strain. 

Some  of  the  auditoriums  were  scored  very  low  on  the  important  item 
of  esthetic  effect  because  they  had  not  been  recently  decorated,  large 
water  stains  and  discolorations  were  conspicuously  present,  and  there 
was  no  attempt  to  provide  a  unity  of  color  scheme  throughout  the 
room.  The  unconscious  appeal  of  a  bright,  attractive  auditorium, 
typifying  in  many  respects  the  things  that  the  churches  are  teaching, 
is  a  strong  element  in  the  success  of  the  work  of  any  church.  It  is 
hardly  consistent,  and,  even  if  not  inconsistent,  it  is  poor  pyschology 
to  ask  people  to  leave  their  homes  in  order  to  worship  in  a  room  which 
is  less  comfortably  furnished  and  less  appropriately  decorated. 

13.    CLOAK  ROOM 

There  is  practically  no  provision  in  the  Maiden  churches  to  care  for 
wraps  and  umbrellas.  Four  or  five  of  the  churches  have  provided 
hooks  about  the  halls  and  foyer  and  two  have  umbrella  racks.  In  none 
of  these  is  there  a  separate  room  conveniently  located  in  which  coats 
and  wraps  may  be  left  or  where  an  attendant  may  easily  and  sys- 
tematically care  for  these  during  services  or  special  programs.  Pro- 
vision should  be  made  for  wet  rubbers  and  umbrellas  in  racks  or 
cases  similarly  numbered  to  the  lockers  in  which  the  wraps  are  placed. 
This  will  facilitate  the  use  of  any  checking  system.  Eleven  of  the 
seventeen  churches  have  made  no  provision  for  this  item. 

It  is  difficult  and  not  very  satisfactory  to  generalize  upon  the  ade- 

*  Measured  with  the  aid  of  a  Macbeth  Illuminomcter. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          127 


III 


128  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


quacy  of  the  church  auditoriums  of  the  churches  of  Maiden,  but  since 
the  auditorium  is  one  of  the  elements  of  the  church  and  religious 
education  plant  which  is  always  provided,  it  is  at  least  significant  to 
notice  some  facts  about  the  entire  situation.  According  to  the  scores 
allotted  by  the  four  judges,  12  per  cent,  of  the  auditoriums  receive 
less  than  50  per  cent,  of  their  possible  score,  59  per  cent,  receive  less 
than  75  per  cent,  of  their  possible  score.  The  remaining  29  per  cent, 
receive  between  75  per  cent,  and  89  per  cent,  of;  their  possible  score. 
These  figures  are  only  interesting  as  they  indicate  that  some  of  the 
standards  which  would  make  the  church  auditoriums  more  effective 
as  meeting-places  for  the  communities  have  been  neglected. 

C.     Chapel  or  Small  Assembly  Room 

Such  a  room  is  deemed  an  essential  in  the  church  room  equipment 
of  most  churches.  It  gives  a  meeting-place  for  smaller  gatherings, 
prayer  meetings,  large  committees  or  other  organizations  where  the 
nature  of  the  meeting  calls  for  less  formality  and  the  free  participa- 
tion of  those  present.  The  need  for  such  a  room  is  realized  by  every 
one  of  the  churches,, but  special  provision  for  such  a  room  has  been 
made  by  only  two  or  three.  The  small  assembly  room  in  the  First 
Baptist  Church  is  adequate  and  convenient  for  the  holding  of  these 
smaller  meetings.  Illustration  68,  page  129,  shows  the  platform  of 
this  room.  The  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  has  a  room  distinctly  used 
for  this  purpose.  See  illustration  67,  page  127.  In  both  this  room 
and  the  one  in  the  First  Baptist,  however,  the  audience  is  compelled 
to  look  directly  into  windows,  which  is  very  trying  because  of  the 
direct  light  and  also  because  of  the  colored  glass  in  the  windows. 
The  Linden  Methodist  and  the  Maplewood  Baptist  each  have  rooms 
which  easily  may  be  used  for  these  smaller  meetings,  but  which  also 
had  to  serve  other  purposes  as  well  and  so  cannot  be  as  appropriately 
furnished.  In  the  other  churches  these  smaller  meetings  are  cared  for 
either  in  the  large  auditorium  or  in  the  religious  school  assembly. 
Neither  of  these  makeshifts  will  secure  the  same  easy  informality  so 
essential  to  the  success  of  many  of  these  meetings. 

D.    Parlor  and  Church  Board  Room 

There  are  certain  functions  of  a  church,  such  as  small  receptions  to 
visiting  ministers,  lecturers,  etc.,  meetings  of  the  church  board  or 
meetings  of  combined  or  joint  committees  when  a  room  is  needed 
which  is  not  distinctly  a  church  room  in  the  literal  meaning  of  the 
word.  It  should  be  more  "homelike"  than  the  usual  office  and  yet 
should  be  furnished  with  the  proper  facilities  for  carrying  on  the 
different  kinds  of  service  assigned  to  it.  The  most  adequate  pro- 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


129 


ILLUSTRATION    68.      A  SUNDAY  SCHOOL   ASSEMBLY   ROOM   IN    THE   FIRST 

BAPTIST    CHURCH.      WELL  EQUIPPED  PLATFORM,   AND  ATTRACTIVE  ROOM, 

BUT  AN  ANNOYING  SERIES  OF  CROSS  LIGHTS  FOR  AUDIENCE  TO  FACE 


130  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

vision  for  this  room  is  in  the  First  Baptist  Church  shown  in  illustra- 
tion 46,  page  85.  This  double  room  can  be  divided  and  used  for  two 
groups  or  thrown  together  for  larger  groups.  It  is  attractively  fur- 
nished and  lends  itself  readily  to  a  number  of  uses.  The  First  Parish 
in  Maiden,  Universalist,  also  has  made  special  provision  for  such  a 
room.  It  is  not  so  conveniently  located  as  in  the  First  Baptist. 
Provision  for  this  room  is  made  in  St.  Paul's  Episcopal,  Mystic  Side 
Congregational,  Maplewood  Methodist,  First  Congregational,  and 
Maplewood  Baptist,  although  in  these  as  well  as  in  the  other  churches 
the  rooms  are  often  used  for  other  purposes  and  thus  lose  the  distinc- 
tive character  which  they  would  otherwise  possess. 

E.  Church  Office 

If  a  church  is  to  be  a  constant  factor  in  community  service  it  must 
be  reachable  at  all  times  or  at  least  at  frequent  and  regular  times. 
It  must  have  accurate  and  usable  records  of  its  members  and  activi- 
ties. It  is  significant  that  only  four  of  the  seventeen  churches  pro- 
vide a  church  office  where  permanent  records  may  be  kept  and  where 
the  church  secretary  may  do  his  work.  These  are,  in  order  of  the 
adequacy  of  their  provision,  the  Centre  Methodist,  the  First  Baptist, 
the  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  and  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Univer- 
salist. The  efficiency  of  the  office  of  the  First  Baptist  is  seriously 
handicapped  because  of  the  inaccessibility  of  the  room.  The  office 
of  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist,  presents  only  slight  evi- 
dence of  efficiency. 

F.  Pastor's  Study 

The  First  Baptist,  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist,  the  Mys- 
tic Side  Congregational,  the  Centre  Methodist,  the  Eastern  Avenue 
Baptist,  and  St.  Paul's  Episcopal,  may  be  said  to  provide  pastor's 
studies  which  can  be  used  for  that  purpose.  In  the  People's  Church 
of  the  Nazarene,  full  credit  was  given  because  the  parsonage,  con- 
taining a  study,  is  attached  to  the  church.  In  the  other  churches  the 
pastor  is  expected  to  maintain  his  own  library  and  study  in  his  resi- 
dence. This  makes  it  less  easy  for  him  to  be  in  the  church  and  in 
touch  with  the  various  lines  of  activity  which  the  church  is  sponsor- 
ing. To  be  sure,  when  in  the  church  building,  his  reading  may  be 
more  often  interrupted,  but  it  is  equally  true  that  the  opportunities 
for  exerting  his  influence  upon  the  play  and  work  of  his  congregation 
and  upon  the  individuals  who  will  go  to  him  for  help  and  advice 
when  he  is  accessible  will  be  so  much  greater  in  number  that  they  will 
more  than  offset  the  disadvantages  of  interruption. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


131 


G.    Church  Vault 

There  is  now  a  clear  realization  in  modern  institutions  that  it  is 
necessary  to  make  and  preserve  accurate  records  of  their  work.  It 
is  only  from  the  intelligent  study  of  accumulated  data  that  we  are 
able  to  plan  the  future  development  of  any  work  in  a  way  to  avoid 
the  mistakes  and  profit  by  the  successes  of  the  past.  The  time, 
effort  and  expense  of  making  such  records  of  a  church's  activities  are 
hardly  justified  unless  there  is  a  safe  place  provided  for  keeping  them. 
A  vault  which  is  both  fireproof  and  damp-proof  and  large  enough  to 
store  the  accumulating  documents  over  a  long  period  should  be  part 
of  every  church  and  religious  education  plant.  This  is  particularly 
necessary  where  the  religious  school  hopes  so  to  do  its  work  that  it 
may  be  a  real  factor  in  the  education  and  development  of  boys  and 
girls.  Such  a  vault  is  provided  in  the  First  Baptist  Parish  House, 
but  it  is  the  only  one  in  the  seventeen  churches  surveyed. 


ILLUSTRATION  69.  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ASSEMBLY  ROOM  OF  THE  FIRST  PARISH 
IN  MALDEN,  UNIVERSALIST.  A  WELL  FURNISHED,  IMPROPERLY  LIGHTED 
ROOM,  SHOWING  BALCONY  CONNECTION  TO  INADEQUATE  CLASS  ROOMS 


132 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          133 
CHAPTER  VI 

Item  V*    Religious  School  Rooms 

SCHOOL  rooms  for  the  adequate  and  efficient  teaching  of  religion 
in  the  churches  of  Maiden  range  in  score  from  140  to  13  points 
of  a  possible  200.     Three  churches  only   (First  Baptist,  140 
points,  Centre  Methodist,  119,  Universalist,  102)  manage  under  this 
heading  to  exceed  one-half  the  standard  score  on  the  basis  of  the  judg- 
ments rendered.     The  scores  on  this  main  item  of  the  score  card  are 
given  in  Table  VIII  and  graphically  represented  in  Chart  VI.     The 
lower  charts  show  the  upper  chart  divided  according  to  the  major 
subdivisions  of  the  Item — Religious  School  Rooms. 

Most  of  the  buildings  reflect  the  uniform  lesson  standards  prevalent 
twenty  years  or  more  ago.  Some  progress  toward  the  full  separation 
of  departmental  and  class  rooms  may  be  noted,  even  in  the  smaller 
churches  such  as  Mystic  Side  Congregational  and  the  People's  Church 
of  the  Nazarene.  For  the  current  systems  of  graded  lesson  teach- 
ing, with  separate  departmental  assemblies  and  organized  class  life, 
the  larger  and  newer  churches  have  made  creditable  provision. 
A  desire  to  make  the  best  of  available  facilities  is  everywhere  apparent. 

The  standard  here  employed  assumes  that  every  church  school  is 
responsible  for  an  effective  and  adequate  teaching  of  religion.  To 
be  effective,  this  teaching  must  be  done,  grade  by  grade,  under  the 
conditions  which  experience  has  shown  to  be  necessary  for  the  doing 
of  good  school  work  in  that  grade.  To  be  adequate,  it  cannot  be 
confined  to  an  hour  on  Sunday,  but  must  reach  into  the  school  hours 
of  the  week.  The  class  instruction  must  also  be  supplemented  by 
assembly  worship  and  instruction  and  by  various  forms  of  class  and 
club  life,  recreation  and  platform  expression.  Rooms  that  fail  to 
reach  this  standard  fall  short  of  making  possible  the  full  discharge 
of  the  church's  educational  responsibility;  and  the  shortage  cannot 
be  met  by  any  amount  of  human  skill  and  devotion. 

A.     Location  and  Connection 

Proper  location  of  each  room  and  proper  connection  and  relationship^ 
between  rooms  are  necessary  -to  the  educational  efficiency  both  of  the 
class  room  and  of  the  assembly.     There  is  excellent  connection  be- 
tween the  rooms  in  each  of  the  two  buildings  of  the  First  Baptist, 
but  a  full  assembly  cannot  be  called  without  many  classes  having  to 


134 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


5 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


135 


O 

o 
& 

o 
o 

ffi 


I 

3 

3 


136  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


face  the  weather.  A  covered  way,  conveniently  entering  both'  build- 
ings, would  meet  this  defect.  See  illustration  22,  page  59. 

The  connections  made  between  class  rooms  and  assembly  rooms  in 
such  plants  as  the  Centre  Methodist,  St.  Paul's,  First  Parish  in  Mai- 
den, Universalist,  First  Congregational  and  others  leave  much  to  be 
desired.  The  relationship  between  class  rooms  and  assembly  rooms 
in  the  Centre  Methodist  is  not  conducive  to  effective  school  manage- 
ment. The  corridors  and  stairways  of  the  upper  floors  are  inadequate 
for  a  mass  movement  to  or  from  the  floor  below.  From  the  church 
auditorium  of  First  Congregational  the  descent  to  the  Sunday  school 
floor  is  by  rather  narrow  stairs  to  a  narrow  and  dark  passageway, 
from  which  one  reaches  the  main  room  only  by  going  through  one  of 
the  department  rooms.  This  is  clearly  shown  in  illustration  37, 
page  74.  The  kindergarten  room  of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  is  reached 
by  climbing  a  winding  stair  such  as  is  seen  in  illustration  27,  page  65. 
The  class  rooms  in  the  residential  annex  of  St.  Paul's  are  approached 
only  by  the  narrow,  single  stairway  of  the  old  residence.  Faulkner 
Methodist  has  one  narrow,  winding  stair  as  the  sole  interior  connec- 
tion between  its  church  floor  and  the  basement  rooms,  as  seen  in 
illustration  36,  page  74. 

Other  examples  of  inadequate  connections  may  be  seen  in  illustration 
51,  page  94,  of  the  Maplewood  Methodist;  40,  page  77,  of  the  Maple- 
wood  Congregational;  81,  page  151,  of  the  Maplewood  Baptist  plant; 
and  62,  page  117,  of  the  Mystic  Side  Congregational  Church.  In  the 
latter  instance,  the  kindergarten  room  is  located  on  the  second  floor 
with  three  windows  overlooking  the  church  auditorium.  The  school 
assembly  is  on  the  floor  below  the  auditorium,  while  another  class 
room  is  on  the  auditorum  floor. 


B.     Assembly  Room 

Twelve  of  the  seventeen  rated  churches  reached  the  standard  score 
(10)  as  to  the  adequate  size  of  the  church  school  assembly  room. 
The  adequate  size  is  due  in  such  instances  as  the  Maplewood  Baptist 
and  the  Robinson  Methodist  to  the  fact  that  the  school  assembly 
room  is  an  outgrown  church  auditorium.  Thus  this  excellence  is  in 
most  cases  inherited;  the  tendency  of  recent  years  being  toward  re- 
duced general  assembly  space  and  wholly  separate  departmental 
assemblies.  But  the  new  conceptions  of  church  school  responsibility 
and  scope  of  service  demand  a  large  and  fully  equipped  assembly  as 
well  as  separated  assemblies  for  the  beginners,  primary  and  other  de- 
partments. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


137 


138  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


It  has  been  frequently  suggested  that  the  proper  assembly  room  for 
the  Sunday  school  is  the  church  auditorium.  There  are,  however, 
serious  drawbacks  to  this  combination.  Where  one  service  follows 
the  other,  the  friendly  greetings  and  conferences  that  properly  delay 
withdrawal  clash  sharply  with  the  need  for  a  prompt  and  reverent 
opening  of  the  service  that  is  to  begin.  When  the  standards  for  the 
pulpit,  chancel  and  setting  of  a  church  auditorium  are  compared 
with  those  for  an  efficient  church-school  assembly,  with  its  platform, 
stage,  picture  screen,  entrances  and  lighting  effects,  it  is  seen  how 
difficult  a  problem  it  is  to  combine  the  two  without  injury  to  either. 

On  location  the  assembly  rooms  of  the  Church  of  the  Nazarene, 
Linden  Congregational,  Maplewood  Baptist  and  Methodist  and 
Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  received  full  scores.  These  were  well  situ- 
ated above  ground  with  good  entrances.  Several  were  located  in 
basements  or  otherwise  inconveniently,  and  thus  were  reduced  in 
score.  The  First  Baptist,  Universalist,  Church  of  the  Nazarene 
and  First  Congregational  received  full  score  as  to  seating  of  the  as- 
sembly room.  The  seating  of  these  rooms  may  be  seen  in  illustra- 
tions 82,  69,  and. 57,  pages  153,  131,  and  105,  respectively.  Inad- 
equate seating  may  be  observed  in  illustrations  71,  51,  50,  and,  35 
pages  137,  94,  92,  and  72,  respectively. 

No  divided  opinion  obtains  as  to  the  value  of  good  daylight  for  all  parts 
of  school  assembly  rooms.  On  this  vitally  important  item  only  one 
church,  Mystic  Side  Congregational,  made  full  score  (10);  Maplewood 
Congregational  reaching  8  and  First  Baptist  7.  Size  and  location 
of  windows  in  the  last  case  were  sacrificed  in  the  main  building 
for  the  sake  of  a  massive  architectural  effect;  in  the  community 
building  on  account  of  limited  lot  room.  In  order  to  utilize  the  ground 
up  to  the  line,  a  dead  party  wall  was  built,  requiring  that  all  illumina- 
tion should  come  from  the  other  side,  already  shadowed  by  the  main 
building.  The  blank  wall  of  one  side  of  this  school  assembly  is 
shown  in  illustration  20,  page  57.  The  interior  view  of  the  adult 
assembly,  illustration  82,  page  153,  shows  this  room  lighted  from  the 
right  side  only.  There  are  no  windows  to  the  left.  The  departmental 
assembly,  shown  in  illustration  80,  page  149,  is  also  lighted  from  one 
side  only,  viz.,  from  the  right.  The  main  light  passes  through  the 
four  windows  to  the  immediate  left  of  the  side  entrance  shown  in 
illustration  22,  page  59.  It  is  quite  evident  that  these  four  windows 
cannot  furnish  adequate  light  for  a  room  which  runs  the  entire  width 
of  this  building.  The  secondary  light  entering  this  room  only 
slightly  supplements  the  light  from  the  four  windows.  The  front 
lighting  of  the  Maplewood  Baptist  assembly  as  seen  in  illustration  71, 
page  13  7 ,  is  a  particularly  faulty  typeof  lighting  and  one  to  be  avoided. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


139 


140 CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

The  high  standards  for  platform  and  stage  have  not  been  approached. 
These  standards  suggest  a  utilization  of  the  school  assembly  for  pag- 
eantry, dramatization  and  other  school  and  community  activities 
which  cannot  become  possible  because  of  the  inadequate  provision 
of  the  majority  of  assemblies  in  the  seventeen  plants.  The  highest 
scores  on  this  item  were  allotted  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Univer- 
salist,  and  the  First  Baptist  plants.  These  platforms  may  be  seen  in 
illustrations  73  and,  82  pages  141  and  153.  The  inadequacies  of  even 
these  situations  may  be  seen  by  a  careful  perusal  of  the  standards  on 
pages  197  to  199.  The  total  inadequacy  of  the  "  Platform  and  Stage  " 
of  other  plants  is  quite  apparent  in  illustrations  71,  72,  51,  pages  137, 
139,  and  94. 

Under  "Moving  Picture  Booth  and  Stereopticon  (10),"  only  six 
scored  at  all,  First  Baptist  having  full  score,  Maplewood  Methodist 
7,  and  Centre  Methodist,  Universalist,  Mystic  Side  Congregational 
and  First  Congregational,  5  each  for  the  lantern.  The  need  of  an 
equipment  for  picture  teaching  and  dramatization  has  apparently 
not  yet  been  conceded  by  all  the  churches. 

The  standard  for  "Decoration  of  Assembly  Rooms  (5)"  is  reached 
by  the  First  Baptist  Church  with  its  harmonious  combination  of  dark 
wood,  white  walls  and  well  chosen  pictures  and  furniture.  The 
People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene  also  rates  high.  Far  too  little 
attention  has  been  given  by  the  majority  of  the  churches  to  the 
"unconscious  tuition"  ministered  by  walls,  windows,  pictures  and 
the  general  atmosphere  of  the  church  rooms. 

The  best  type  of  assembly  room  in  the  seventeen  plants  is  shown  in 
illustration  82,  page  153.  The  seats  are  comfortable  and  well  spaced, 
the  pictures  are  exceedingly  high  grade  and  desirable,  and  there  is 
good,  indirect  artificial  lighting.  Note  the  lantern  screen  in  platform 
ceiling;  this  should  be  mounted  inside  the  proscenium  arch,  out  of 
sight.  Large  class  rooms  with  fairly  tight  movable  partitions  occupy 
the  rear  corners  of  the  room,  that  to  the  left  being  much  in  need  of 
daylight  illumination. 

Another  type  of  assembly  room  is  that  of  the  Maplewood  Methodist 
illustration  51,  page  94.  Note  the  front  illumination;  long  benches, 
making  class  grouping  difficult;  the  church  stove  taking  up  part  of  the 
room;  attached  rooms  for  the  children's  departments  reachable  only 
by  raising  the  movable  sashes.  The  library  also  has  no  separate  room, 
the  shelves  being  ranged  along  the  wall  to  the  right.  There  is  a  begin- 
ning in  the  work  of  wall  decoration. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          141 


142  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

C.     Class  Rooms 

No  uniform  or  adequate  standards  have  been  the  basis  for  the  plan- 
ning of  the  class  rooms  in  the  seventeen  plants.  A  scale  of  class- 
rooms beginning  practically  at  zero  and  extending  to  a  point  at  some 
distance  remote  from  perfection  may  be  readily  established  from  the 
samples  found  in  these  plants. 

The  need  that  each  class  shall  have  its  separate  class  room,  freed  by  a 
solid  wall  from  distractions  visible  and  audible,  is  fundamental  in 
any  plan  of  effective  teaching.  Releasing  at  once  that  part  of  the 
teacher's  energy  that  in  a  "main  room"  is  expended  in  neutralizing 
counter-attractions,  it  also  makes  possible  the  handling  of  a  much 
larger  class  without  disturbance  of  others,  permits  free  use  of  black- 
board, maps  and  manual  methods,  encourages  the  functioning  of  the 
class  organization,  and  may  be  developed  and  decorated  as  the  organ- 
ization's week  day  headquarters  and  home.  Such  rooms  as  are 
shown  in  illustrations  76  and  77,  pages  144  and  145,  contrast  sharply 
with  the  back-to-back  benches  of  the  Maplewood  Baptist,  or  indeed 
with  any  of  the  numerous  efforts  at  class  segregation  brought  to  light 
in  this  survey. 

For  the  cradle  roll  class  of  older  babies  a  suitable  nursery  room  is 
needed,  adjoining  the  beginners'  room  and  the  mothers'  class.  For 


ILLUSTRATION  74.     ONE  OP  SEPARATE  CLASS  ROOMS  MADE  BY  SCREENS 
AT  THE  SIDES  OF  THE  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ASSEMBLY  OF  THE  FIRST  CONGRE- 
GATIONAL CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


143 


144 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ILLUSTRATION    76.      CLASS   ROOM    OP   THE    FIRST   BAPTIST   CHURCH, 
EQUIPPED   ONLY   WITH   CHAIRS  AND   COAT   RACKS 

the  beginners'  and  primary  department  rooms  the  table-circles  shown 
in  illustration  70,  afford  all  the  segregation  needed  for  that  small 
part  of  the  hour  that  is  devoted  to  class  work  and  the  telling  of  the 
lesson  stories.  A  wide  floor  that  can  be  cleared  quickly  for  room 
activities  is  relatively  of  far  greater  importance.  This  picture  from 
Centre  Methodist  illustrates  some  of  the  furnishings  of  a  good  begin- 
ners' room,  as  currently  advocated. 

How  a  well-equipped  primary  room  may  be  ruined  by  poor  lighting 
is  well  shown  in  the  two  pictures  of  the  First  Congregational  Church, 
illustrations  77  and  21,  pages  145  and  57.  Viewed  by  the  photogra- 
pher's flash,  the  room  seems  nearly  ideal.  But  through  those  large 
windows  almost  no  light  comes  except  at  certain  times  of  day;  and 
the  second  picture  shows  why.  The  shadow  of  the  adjoining  house 
falls  on  the  windows  like  a  black  curtain,  making  artificial  light  a 
necessity.  The  church  has  wisely  made  this  light  as  soft  and  per- 
vasive as  possible. 

This  view  of  the  joint  beginners'  and  primary  room  in  First  Congre- 
gational Church  shows  the  seats  when  arranged  for  the  circle  talk  at 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


145 


146 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


the  opening  of  the  hour,  with  blackboard  and  class  tables  ready  for 
use  later.  The  low-hanging  pictures,  teacher's  desk  and  rack  for  cloth- 
ing should  also  be  noted. 

For  the  junior  department  the  class  question  is  harder  to  handle. 
The  view  of  the  large  junior  room  of  First  Baptist,  illustration  80, 
page  149,  with  many  classes,  each  a  few  feet  from  its  neighbor  and  each 
circled  around  a  table,  illustrates  what  seems  at  present  the  only  way 
to  handle  class  teaching  in  a  large  junior  department.  So  long  as 
the  church  continues  to  employ  amateur  teachers,  substituting 
numbers  for  quality,  this  arrangement  will  doubtless  continue  to  be 
the  rule.  Where  the  room  is  small,  as  in  Faulkner  Methodist,  illus- 
tration 75,  page  143,  it  is  more  difficult  to  avoid  interference  of  class 
with  class.  Large  classes,  each  in  its  own  well-planned  class  room, 
and  each  in  the  hands  of  a  well-trained  teacher,  would  seem  the  proper 
educational  provision,  Sunday  and  week  day,  for  the  junior  grades. 

When  we  reach  the  intermediate  and  senior  classes,  the  need  of  en- 
tirely separate  class  rooms  is  felt  to  be  imperative  by  every  teacher 
with  a  clear  teaching  ideal.  Maiden  is  full  of  attempts  to  meet  this. 
St.  Paul's  Episcopal  houses  several  of  its  classes  in  the  rooms  of  a 
converted  dwelling  house,  illustration  24,  page  61,  and  endeavors 
for  the  rest  to  get  good  class  conditions  out  of  a  series  of  long  tables, 
with  separating  curtains,  under  the  windows  of  its  large  assembly 


ILLUSTRATION  78.      ONE  OF  THE  BEST  CLASS  ROOMS  IN  THE  RELIGIOUS 
EDUCATION    PART   OP   ST.    PAUL'S   EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


147 


ILLUSTRATION  79.      KITCHEN  AND  CLASS  ROOM  OF  MAPLEWOOD  BAPTIST 

CHURCH  USED  AS  A  STORE  ROOM  BECAUSE  OF  FAILURE  TO  PROVIDE  SUCH 

SPACE  IN  ORIGINAL  PLANS 

room,  illustration  56,  page  103.  The  First  Congregational  in  a 
somewhat  similar  situation,  uses  burlap  screens,  with  narrow 
collapsible  tables,  as  shown  in  the  view  of  such  an  improvised 
class  room,  and  of  the  school  assembly,  illustrations  74  and  57, 
pages  142  and  65.  The  Centre  Methodist  for  some  of  its  classes  uses 
merely  a  table  with  chairs,  with  many  classes  provided  for  in  the  same 
room.  The  Maplewood  Baptist  Church  as  seen  in  illustration  71, 
page  137,  uses  an  arrangement  of  four  assembly  benches  to  give  these 
children  a  sense  of  class  segregation.  The  Centre  Methodist,  First 
Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist,  illustration  69,  page  131,  and  the  First 
Baptist  provide  for  such  classes  a  supply  of  small  class  rooms,  not 
always  well  shaped,  conveniently  reached,  adequately  lighted  or  with 
suitable  ventilation.  Several  of  the  other  churches  supply  one  or 
more  rooms  for  this  need  as  their  facilities  allow.  Somewhat  larger 
rooms,  to  seat  from  sixteen  to  thirty  each,  would  be  more  in  line  with 
indicated  tendencies  in  church  school  architecture  for  the  needs  of 
tomorrow. 

Little  attention  has  been  given  to  the  matter  of  class  room  floors  in 
most  of  the  churches.  This  is  partly  due  to  the  fact  that  in  many 
cases  the  class  rooms  are  occupying  the  oldest  parts  of  the  building, 
which  have  been  outgrown  for  other  purposes.  The  contrast  in  this 
item  may  be  seen  in  the  floors  shown  in  illustrations  70  and  56,  pages 


148  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


132  and  103.  If  these  rooms  are  to  be  used  as  "home  rooms"  for  the 
various  classes  the  effect  of  a  good  floor  which  can  be  kept  clean,  and 
upon  occasions  adorned  with  rugs  is  a  decided  advantage  as  well  as  a 
good  influence.  The  same  lack  of  attention  which  characterizes  so 
many  of  the  floors  of  the  religious  class  rooms  in  Maiden  is  even  more 
true  of  the  walls  and  ceilings  of  these  rooms.  Many  of  them  present 
a  very  uncared-for,  dismal  appearance  because  of  old,  faded  and  dis- 
colored paper,  cracked  and  broken  plaster,  and  large  weather  stains. 
In  practically  every  case  where  recent  redecoration  had  been  done  it 
was  in  the  church  auditoriums  and  not  in  the  class  rooms.  Not  much 
attention  is  given  in  the  class  rooms  of  the  Maiden  churches  to  the  use 
of  pictures  on  the  walls.  In  many  of  even  the  better  rooms  there 
were  no  pictures  while  in  many  others  the  pictures  were  poor  prints 
of  inappropriate  subjects.  Examples  of  the  use  of  better  pictures 
are  shown  in  illustrations  82,  70  and  77  on  pages  153,  132  and  145  re- 
spectively, while  illustrations  71  and  51,  pages  137  and  93,  show  the  use 
of  less  desirable  and  less  appropriate  pictures.  The  total  absence  of 
pictures  in  the  class  rooms  of  some  of  the  churches  and  the  resulting 
barrenness  of  the  rooms  is  evidence  of  a  failure  to  use  the  elevating 
influences  exerted  by  artistic  masterpieces. 

Blackboards  and  bulletin  boards  for  the  easy  mounting  of  pictures, 
exhibits  and  notices  were  conspicuously  rare.  In  only  a  few  class  rooms 
was  there  more  blackboard  space  that  is  furnished  by  one  or  two 
movable  blackboards.  The  use  of  blackboards  for  instructional 
purposes,  especially  with  the  younger  children,  is  entirely  impossible. 
A  bulletin  board  or  other  display  surface  where  pictures  or  samples  of 
the  work  of  the  children  may  be  attractively  shown  is  an  easily  obtain- 
able and  highly  desirable  asset  to  modern  instruction,  and  yet  it  is 
found  in  but  very  few  of  the  religious  class  rooms  of  the  seventeen 
churches  surveyed.  Such  a  surface  made  from  a  strip  of  burlap  is 
shown  in  illustration  77,  page  145. 

A  standard  class  room  has  doors  swinging  either  outward  or  having 
a  two-way  swing.  Even  in  the  most  modern  plants  in  Maiden  this 
highly  desirable  standard  is  not  followed.  Class  rooms  should  have 
built-in  closets  or  cases  for  the  storage  of  books  and  supplies  and  where 
a  class  room  has  no  built-in  closet,  a  neat  cabinet  for  books,  supplies 
and  class  exhibits  would  seem  to  be  indispensable;  even  in  the  class 
rooms  like  those  of  illustrations  76  and  70,  pages  144  and  132,  inade- 
quate provision  is  made  in  this  matter. 

The  standards  on  natural  illumination  of  class  rooms  require  the 
placement  of  windows  to  the  left  of  the  pupil  or  student,  with  the 
elimination  of  all  window  area  to  the  rear.  They  require  that  the 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          149 


150  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

ratio  between  clear  glass  window  area  and  floor  area  may  be  as  1  to  4. 
The  non-conformance  to  such  standards  may  be  readily  observed 
in  the  illustrations  of  class  rooms.  The  standard,  it  must  be 
remembered,  is  what  public  school  leaders  have  found  indispen- 
sable to  secure  satisfactory  results  in  class  work  with  avoidance  of 
deleterious  eye-strain.  Only  the  light  and  casual  use  that  is  made  at 
present  of  church  school  facilities  saves  them  from  more  severe  con- 
demnation. It  may  not  now  be  possible  to  enlarge  the  glass  area 
to  the  standard  of  20  to  25  per  cent,  of  the  floor  area;  but  at  least  the 
seats  of  some  classes  might  be  so  turned  as  to  bring  what  light  there 
is  to  the  students'  left  and  not  in  their  faces. 

Seats  and  desks  for  a  church  school,  when  of  standard  efficiency,  rate 
at  10  points.  Two  churches  only,  the  First  Baptist  and  the  Centre 
Methodist,  reach  half  of  this  score;  the  Universalist  and  Robinson 
Methodist  followed.  While  the  single  movable  school  desk  has  not 
appeared  as  yet  in  many  church  class  rooms  it  will  be  introduced  as 
time  progresses. 

For  most  of  the  seating  surveyed  little  can  be  said  in  extenuation. 
In  most  cases  a  few  children's  chairs  are  provided,  but  not  all  of  these 
are  in  good  order  (see  illustration  77,  page  145  of  First  Congregational, 
primary  room,  page  143,  and  the  evidence  of  careless  handling  shown 
at  Maplewood  Baptist,  illustration  81,  page  151).  The  teacher's 
need  of  a  good  desk  is  almost  entirely  ignored.  The  tables  used  for 
the  smaller  children's  classes  in  many  of  the  churches  have  been 
counted  as  standard  when  of  satisfactory  size  and  construction  with 
chairs  to  suit.  In  handling  classes  of  boys  and  girls  from  the  third 
grade  and  upward  of  the  public  schools,  the  seats  to  be  found  in  most 
of  the  Maiden  class  rooms  will  not  suffice.  Boys  and  girls  should  be 
given  desks  with  working  surfaces,  with  storage  place  for  books  and 
materials.  These  desks  should  be  assigned  so  that  each  child  feels 
a  responsibility  for  his  own. 

The  remainder  of  the  instructional  equipment  was  in  the  majority  of 
cases  as  inadequate  as  the  seating  and  blackboard  provisions.  Bur- 
lap class  walls,  with  rickety  sewing  tables  as  desks,  uncomfortable 
auditorium  benches  for  seats  and  one  map  on  the  wall  do  not  make  for 
much  efficiency.  Boys  and  girls  do  not  desire  to  be  talked  to  only, 
but  wish  to  participate  in  class  room  work  by  activities  of  their  own 
and  by  handling  concrete  materials.  The  standards,  page  201,  sug- 
gest that  the  equipment  should  include  maps,  globes,  display  exhibits, 
scrapbooks,  stereopticons  and  tables,  pianos  and  the  like.  The  most 
adequate  provisions  were  those  of  the  Centre  Methodist  and  the 
First  Baptist  plants,  (see  illustrations  of  class  rooms  for  details.) 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          151 


152  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

No  teacher  who  has  struggled  to  hold  attention  against  the  imperti- 
nent interruptions  of  main-room  noise  will  undervalue  the  item  of 
separateness  in  class  room  construction.  On  this  vital  point  the  score 
is  10;  and  such  class  rooms  as  the  churches  have  provided  scored 
under  it  from  9  points  (First  Baptist)  all  the  way  down.  Reliance  on 
so-called  sound-proof  partitions,  some  of  which  formed  the  only 
doorway  to  the  rooms,  was  the  cause  for  many  of  the  low  scorings. 

D.     Cloak  Rooms 

What  inconvenience,  loss  and  confusion  is  regularly  caused  by  the 
absence  of  such  provision,  and  what  distractions  arise  when  any 
movable  article  of  outdoor  wear  is  carried  by  the  child  to  his  seat, 
the  Sunday  school  teacher  knows  full  well.  Proper  installations 
under  this  head  are  the  cheapest  of  all  ways  to  increase  educational 
efficiency.  The  standards  suggest  that  "Cloak  rooms  should  adjoin 
class  rooms  of  little  children  and  be  under  teacher  control.  Cloak 
rooms  should  provide  ample  space  for  winter  wraps  for  each  child. 
The  heights  of  hooks  should  be  adapted  to  heights  of  children.  Um- 
brella racks  should  be  provided.  Cloak  rooms  should  be  easily  acces- 
sible to  children  and  so  arranged  as  to  avoid  confusion.  Cloak  rooms 
should  be  provided  with  natural  and  artificial  light."  That  these 
standards  are  not  met  may  be  seen  from  the  racks  of  illustrations 
76  and  77,  pages  144  and  145,  and  the  hooks  of  illustrations  of  81  and 
54,  pages  151  and  99.  The  nearest  approach  to  the  standards  is  to  be 
found  in  the  cloak  rooms  under  the  organ  in  the  Centre  Methodist 
plant. 

E.     Superintendent's  Office 

Centre  Methodist,  taking  seriously  the  work  of  the  superintendent  of 
its  church  school,  has  provided  him  with  an  office  for  the  better  per- 
formance of  his  duties.  It  is  not  much  of  an  office,  being  but  a  little 
space  available  under  a  stairway,  but  it  is  good  as  far  as  it  goes.  It 
may  be  seen  in  illustration  26,  page  65.  The  First  Baptist  has  fur- 
nished its  primary  superintendent  also  with  a  room  for  his  work 
and  the  storage  of  department  supplies.  The  other  fifteen  churches 
have  given  their  superintendents  no  office  whatever. 

F.     Laboratories 

As  the  church  confronts  its  social  responsibilities  and  plans  its  educa- 
tional service  for  the  years  to  come,  various  forms  of  manual  train- 
ing, available  as  means  of  religious  culture,  eome  into  view  and  must  be 
provided  for.  Daily  Vacation  Bible  Schools  are  already  bringing 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


153 


154  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

into  the  churches  many  types  of  handwork  for  boys  and  girls,  and 
our  share  in  the  great  crusade  of  Americanization  will  extend  this 
movement  to  seniors  and  adults.  A  geography  room,  equipped  with 
sand  tables  and  facilities  for  modeling  maps  in  pulp  and  plasticine, 
is  now  in  regular  use  in  some  well-graded  Sunday  schools  and  has 
fully  justified  its  installation.  Work  rooms  of  some  sort,  therefore, 
are  properly  specified  for  the  standard  plant  of  the  church  school. 
This  is  what  should  be.  As  to  what  it  is,  the  story  is  not  long.  On 
a  score  of  10  points,  First  Baptist,  Centre  Methodist,  First  Congre- 
gational and  Mystic  Side  Congregational  score  1  point  each.  The 
other  churches  score  zero. 

G.    Supply  Rooms 

A  supply  room  for  the  many  stocks  of  printed  matter,  lesson  helps, 
blanks,  forms,  etc.,  needed  in  a  live  church  school,  is  a  need  obvious 
to  all.  In  the  Union  Baptist  nothing  to  correspond  with  this  could 
be  found;  in  ten  others  there  was  enough  to  score  1;  in  three  more, 
2;  while  Centre  Methodist  scored  3  and  First  Baptist,  4.  When 
week-day  work  comes  in,  the  need  of  an  ample  room  for  both  storing 
and  handling  supplies  will  have  to  be  met.  But  as  to  this  and  every 
other  accessory  item,  why  should  these  real  needs  of  the  Sunday 
school,  however  incidental,  be  so  easily  passed  by?  Surely  the  best 
we  can  provide  for  Monday's  lessons  in  arithmetic  and  spelling  is 
none  too  good  for  Sunday's  lessons  in  Christian  character. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          155 
CHAPTER  VII 

Item  VI*     Community  Service  Rooms 

IT'S  a  far  cry  from  the  four-wall-pulpit-roof-and-steeple  church 
of  yesterday  to  the  standard  church  and  religious  education  plant 
of  today.  The  contrast  is  indeed  great,  but  no  greater  than  the 
contrast  between  the  pioneer  home  of  our  parents  and  the  home  we 
hope  our  children  may  enjoy.  Every  phase  of  our  social  and  indus- 
trial organization  has  made  such  rapid  strides  in  the  development 
of  its  physical  plant,  equipment  and  machinery  within  the  past  few 
years  that  the  old  shells  that  were  adequate  in  their  day  have  been 
abandoned  as  obsolete  and  useless.  We  have  only  to  note  the  trans- 
portation facilities,  the  highways,  the  public  buildings,  the  schools 
and  the  like  to  appreciate  the  rapidity  with  which  standards 
are  changing.  The  school  that  at  one  time  kept  such  children  as 
wished  to  attend  fairly  dry,  reasonably  warm,  and  taught  them  the 
"three  R's"  was  sufficient  in  its  day.  It  was  adequate  in  terms  of 
the  standards  of  that  day.  But  not  so  today.  Increased  demands 
for  greater  educational  opportunity  have  come  with  leaps  and  bounds. 
The  old  buildings  have  failed  to  meet  the  new  demands  no  less  cer- 
tainly than  the  old  curriculum  has  failed  to  satisfy  conditions  of 
modern  life. 

Church  and  religious  education  plants  do  not  seem  to  have  kept  pace 
with  the  increased  social  demands.  Except  in  rare  instances,  church 
organizations  are  endeavoring  to  attract  and  hold  with  nineteenth 
century  facilities  for  service  the  members  of  a  society  who  live  in 
twentieth  century  surroundings.  Only  as  the  church  organization, 
through  improved  facilities  for  rendering  broader  social  service, 
reaches  out  into  the  lives  of  the  people  of  the  community,  can  it  hope 
to  combat  successfully  the  undesirable  influences  that  are  competing 
for  the  interests  of  people  in  general  and  especially  of  young  people. 
It  is  with  the  idea  of  this  greater  social  service  that  the  standards 
of  the  church  and  religious  education  plant  have  been  formulated. 
It  is  especially  true  of  that  part  of  the  score  card  dealing  with  com- 
munity service  rooms.  Items  I  to  V  have  long  been  recognized  in 
some  degree  of  development  as  essential  to  the  church  organization, 
but  the  conception  is  not  generally  accepted  that  the  church  plant 
should  have:  a  recreation  and  dining-room,  kitchen,  library  and 
reading  room,  women's  and  mothers'  room,  club  rooms  for  girls, 
men,  and  boys,  nurses'  and  rest-room,  day  nursery,  civic  center 
gymnasium,  locker  rooms,  and  game  and  amusement  rooms. 


156 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


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OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


157 


8., 


158  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

It  takes  a  man  of  no  far  vision  today  to  predict  that  the  church  organ- 
ization which  does  not  recognize  the  validity  of  the  claims  of  these 
things  in  the  lives  of  the  people  it  serves  will  find  its  influence  decreas- 
ing and  its  opportunities  for  service  seriously  limited. 

The  full  details  of  the  standards  for  "Community  Service  Rooms" 
are  given  on  pages  201-4.  Table  IX  and  Chart  VII  summarize  the  con- 
ditions in  the  seventeen  churches,  surveyed  in  the  city  of  Maiden 
with  respect  to  this  very  important  item,  as  those  conditions  were 
interpreted  by  the  judges.  The  lower  charts  show  the  upper  chart 
divided  according  to  the  major  subdivisions  of  the  item — Community 
Service  Rooms. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  the  column  of  totals  not  a  single  church 
registered  a  score  of  50  per  cent,  of  the  maximum  possible,  and  that 
only  two  approached  50  per  cent,  with  any  degree  of  closeness. 
Fourteen  of  the  seventeen  churches  scored  less  than  25  per  cent, 
efficient  in  their  provisions  for  rendering  community  social  service. 

A.    Rooms  for  General  Use 

Under  "A.  Rooms  for  General  Use,"  are  included  such  accommoda- 
tions as  recreation  and  dining  room,  kitchen,  library  and  reading 
room.  The  maximum  possible  score  on  this  item  is  55  points.  In 
Maiden  the  First  Baptist  and  the  Centre  Methodist  each  scored  43 
points  or  approximately  80  per  cent,  of  the  maximum.  Only  two 
other  churches,  the  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist,  and  the 
First  Congregational  scored  up  to  50  per  cent,  of  the  maximum; 
approximately  75  per  cent,  of  the  churches  fall  below  50  per  cent, 
efficiency  in  facilities  for  this  type  of  service. 

RECREATION,  DINING  ROOM  AND  KITCHEN 

As  bad  as  the  general  situation  may  seem  from  the  figures  given, 
certain  very  striking  evidences  of  progress  in  the  desired  direction 
were  found  almost  everywhere.  The  beginnings  have  been  made 
by  the  equipment  of  rooms  for  general  use  in  the  older  plants  and  the 
planning  of  such  facilities  in  the  newer  buildings.  Illustrations 
58  and  83,  pages  107  and  159,  from  the  First  Baptist  Church,  show  the 
type  of  dining  room  and  kitchen  that  should  be  provided  in  every 
church  plant.  The  influence  of  these  two  rooms  alone  in  the  home 
lives  of  the  members  of  this  church  must  be  exceedingly  great  and 
their  added  "holding  power"  to  the  church  even  greater.  Many  of 
the  older,  less  fortunate  churches  have  made  commendable  efforts  in 
this  line  but  not  with  the  same  degree  of  excellence.  Illustration  41, 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          159 


160  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

page  78,  shows  the  kitchen  of  the  Linden  Methodist,  neat  and  orderly, 
but  not  so  well  equipped  as  would  be  desirable.  Illustrations  84, 
85,  86  and  61  on  pages,  161,  163  and  111,  show  improvised  rooms 
for  the  uses  described.  Improvised  and  inadequate  as  they  are, 
they  nevertheless  stand  as  evidence  of  a  strong  conviction  that  this 
type  of  social  service  is  helpful  to  church  and  community  alike. 
Illustrations  61  and  84,  pages  111  and  161,  show  what  the  church 
kitchen  should  not  be,  and  also  how  such  inadequate  rooms  encourage 
the  collecting  of  rubbish  and  refuse.  The  influence  which  these 
kitchens  carry  over  to  the  homes  of  the  community  is  not  the  kind  of 
which  we  have  been  speaking.  But  the  fault  lies  not  in  the  idea  of  the 
community  service  kitchen  in  the  church,  but  rather  in  the  type  of 
kitchen  provided. 

LIBRARY  AND  READING  ROOM 

It  would  seem  that  the  library  and  church  reading  room  would  need 
no  argument  to  justify  its  existence,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  these 
facilities  were  of  the  most  meager  sort  and  almost  without  exception 
there  was  little  or  no  evidence  of  regular  and  systematic  use  of  such 
library  facilities  as  were  provided.  Except  in  a  few  Sunday  school 
class  rooms  where  small  collections  of  attractive  and  modern  books 
gave  evidence  of  initiative  on  the  part  of  certain  teachers,  the  col- 
lections of  musty,  mutilated  volumes  that  are  shelved  or  piled  in  in- 
accessible, unused  places  are  most  unattractive  and  uninteresting 
and  will  never  invite  the  interest  of  the  general  church  membership. 
If  religious  education  is  an  obligation  of  the  church  organization, 
certainly  there  is  no  simpler,  no  more  effective  way  of  meeting  that 
obligation  in  large  measure  than  a  well-organized  library  and  reading 
room  with  a  librarian  in  charge  organizing  programs  and  encouraging 
its  use.  People  will  read  good  books  if  they  are  exposed  to  them  in 
the  right  way. 

B.    Rooms  for  Social  Service 

To  this  group  belong  the  women's  and  mothers'  room,  girls'  club  room, 
men's  club  room,  boys'  club  room,  nurses'  and  rest  room,  day  nursery 
room  and  civic  center.  From  Table  IX  and  Chart  VII,  pages  156 
and  157,  it  is  evident  that  but  slight  progress  has  been  made  in  Maiden 
toward  the  realization  of  adequate  facilities  for  the  type  of  social 
service  indicated  above.  Out  of  the  70  possible  points  only  one 
church  was  allotted  a  score  of  over  50  per  cent.,  and  fourteen  churches 
are  included  in  the  group  that  has  less  than  25  per  cent,  efficiency  in 
social  service  facilities.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the  relative  impor- 
tance of  these  accommodations  as  judged  by  the  frequency  of  appear- 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


161 


162  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


ance  of  each  and  the  total  number  of  points  allotted  on  each  for  the 
group  of  seventeen  churches. 

Twelve  churches  received  some  credit  for  the  women's  and  mothers' 
room,  and  five  for  the  men's  room.  Some  attempt  at  providing  a 
boys'  club  room  was  credited  in  four  churches,  and  similar  recognition 
was  given  to  girls'  club  rooms  in  five  churches.  Some  credit  was 
given  to  a  nurses'  and  rest  room  in  seven  churches,  but  no  credit  was 
awarded  to  a  day  nursery  and  in  only  one  church  was  a  civic  center 
room  credited  with  any  points. 

Many  inferences  are  possible  from  these  data,  but  one  fact  is  obvious — 
that  churches  are  not  thought  of  for  men,  boys  and  girls  to  the  same 
degree  as  for  women  and  mothers.  It  is  not  to  be  understood  that 
undue  emphasis  has  been  placed  on  women's  and  mothers'  rooms  in 
Maiden,  for  of  the  total  possible  score  on  this  item  the  seventeen 
churches  together  was  but  35  per  cent,  of  the  maximum  possible.  It 
only  means  in  a  relative  sense  that,  deficient  as  are  the  churches  in 
women's,  club  rooms,  they  are  still  more  so  in  respect  to  club  rooms 
for  men,  boys  and  girls. 

The  First  Baptist,  the  Centre  Methodist  and  the  First  Parish  in 
Maiden,  Universalist,  had  rooms  of  this  type  that  approached  the 
standards  of  perfection.  Illustration  46,  page  85,  is  of  the  First 
Baptist  Church.  A  room  of  this  sort,  comfortable  and  attractive, 
with  a  day  nursery  adjoining,  would  undoubtedly  attract  many  more 
mothers  into  the  life  and  service  of  the  church.  It  is  absolutely 
essential  for  the  continued  growth  of  the  church  that  the  girls  and 
boys  may  be  attracted  to  it  and  that  they  acquire  the  habit  of  spend- 
ing a  portion  of  their  time  in  the  church  and  nearer  to  its  influence. 

This  can  be  accomplished  only  by  providing  facilities  for  these  young 
people  to  use  in  the  way  of  club  rooms,  reading  rooms,  recreations, 
etc.  Club  rooms  which  can  serve  as  the  permanent  home  for  such 
organizations  as  the  Girl  Scouts,  the  Boy  Scouts,  etc.,  and  which  will 
contain  the  equipment  for  the  club  work  and  which  can  be  decorated 
with  banners,  trophies,  etc.,  have  a  tremendous  "through  the  week" 
holding  power.  All  of  these  rooms  will  be  more  effective  if  the  same 
provision  can  be  made  for  such  a  room  for  the  men.  In  proportion 
as  they  become  interested  and  accustomed  to  using  such  a  room  in 
the  church  plant,  the  other  members  of  their  family  will  find  it  con- 
venient to  be  there  also. 

As  the  use  of  the  church  plant  as  a  center  for  community  activities 
grows  it  will  be  necessary  to  have  a  nurses'  or  rest  room  where  any 
one  temporarily  indisposed  may  go  and  rest.  It  should  of  course, 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS 


163 


be  equipped  with  "first  aid"  material  and  in  the  larger  churches 
many  will  have  a  nurse  in  charge  during  hours  when  many  activities 
are  in  progress.  This  individual  can  easily  be  called  upon  to  serve 
in  the  day  nursery  when  such  is  maintained.  Many  mothers  could 
take  a  more  active  part  in  church  activities  if  they  could  have  the 
use  of  a  day  nursery  during  the  given  period.  One  nurse  can  free  the 
energy  of  many  active,  willing  church  workers. 

The  presence  of  a  civic  center  and  Americanization  room  in  the 
church  plant  would  mean  the  assuming  by  the  church  of  a  responsi- 
bility which  in  the  doing  will  strengthen  its  own  work. 

If  the  church  is  not  interested  in  this  service  to  its  constituents  it 
very  frequently  becomes  the  stronghold  of  the  customs  and  manners 
of  a  foreign  country  and  to  that  extent  tends  to  preserve  in  the  midst 
of  our  democracy  groups  which  are  unassimilated  and  often  irrecon- 
cilable. 

C.    Rooms  for  Recreation  and  Athletics 

The  ideal  which  requires  that  churches  should  minister  to  the  physical 
as  well  as 'the  spiritual  well-being  of  the  community  has  not  been 
accepted  in  Maiden.  The  maximum  possible  number  of  points  on 
this  item  for  a  single  church  is  65.  To  the  seventeen  churches, 
therefore,  1,105  points  are  due.  The  sum  total  of  points  allotted 


ILLUSTRATION  86.      THE  FAIRLY  WELL  EQUIPPED,  WELL  LIGHTED  KITCHEN 
OF  THE  FIRST  PARISH  IN  MALDEN,  UNIVERSALIST 


164 CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

by  the  judges  to  the  seventeen  churches  is  3.  This  meager  allotment 
was  credited  to  the  Centre  Methodist  on  a  game  room.  Three  points 
out  of  a  possible  1,105  for  the  total  situation  is  conclusive  evidence 
that  the  church  organizations  have  not  conceived  their  work  as  in- 
cluding any  part  of  the  responsibility  for  the  physical  life  of  the  com- 
munity. The  church  plant  which  provides  an  adequate  gymnasium 
has  the  opportunity  of  using  the  strong  appeal  of  such  a  room  as  an 
asset  in  its  own  work  rather  than  a  liability  which  has  to  be  counter- 
acted by  the  church's  influence. 

Many  of  our  modern  games  afford  excellent  opportunities  for  build- 
ing character  and  habituating  certain  ideals  of  character  which  can 
not  be  as  easily  done  in  any  other  way.  It  appears  as  a  lost  opportun- 
ity for  the  church  to  neglect  this  means  of  building  strong,  clean  and 
active  minds  in  strong,  clean  and  active  bodies.  Provision  for 
sufficient  locker  space  and  for  adequate,  well-kept  showers  are  essen- 
tial to  the  success  of  any  athletic  program.  Not  only  are  they  essen- 
tial in  this  respect  but  they  are  highly  desirable  as  a  community 
service  especially  in  some  of  the  more  crowded  districts. 

A  well-directed  program  of  athletic  activity  in  any  community  will 
soon  be  confronted  with  the  problem  of  providing  facilities  for  in- 
creasing numbers  of  participants.  One  of  the  best  indoor  games, 
and  one  which  requires  a  minimum  of  space  and  equipment  is  hand 
ball.  Many  provisions  can  be  made  for  this  game  against  blank  walls 
and  under  direction  and  stimulation  a  large  group  of  people  can  be 
cared  for.  It  becomes  an  easily  formed  and  beneficial  habit  for 
business  men  to  meet  a  certain  number  of  times  a  week  for  hand  ball 
and  also  serves  as  a  splendid  means  of  keeping  them  in  better  phy- 
sical condition. 

The  attraction  of  bowling  alleys  and  a  well-equipped  game  room  is 
self  evident.  The  principal  thing  to  be  borne  in  mind  with  any 
such  equipment  is  that  it  must  be  kept  in  first  class  condition.  Any 
game  requiring  skill  in  playing  it  does  not  attract  the  number  it 
should  if  the  equipment  is  in  such  poor  condition  that  "chance" 
replaces  "skill"  in  getting  results.  In  the  membership  of  any 
church  there  will  always  be  a  group  who,  for  one  reason  or  another, 
have  certain  varying  amounts  of  time  at  their  disposal.  It  seems 
much  more  desirable  to  have  that  leisure  time  pleasantly  and  prop- 
erly spent  in  some  of  the  community  service  rooms  of  the  church 
than  in  some  commercial  loafing  place  where  the  influence  usually  is 
not  the  kind  which  will  further  the  spread  of  ideals  which  the  modern 
church  seeks  to  promote. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS          165 

The  ideal  of  a  church's  responsibility  for  and  opportunity  in  the 
various  forms  of  community  service  is  not  fully  realized  and  is  very 
inadequately  provided  for  by  the  churches  in  Maiden.  It  may 
safely  be  prophesied  that  the  next  ten  years  will  see  a  marked  change 
in  attitude  toward  providing  for  recreation  and  use  of  leisure  time 
and  a  corresponding  increased  provision  by  the  churches  for  use  of 
this  form  of  service. 


166  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

APPENDIX  I 

Interchurch  World  Movement  Standards  for  a 
City   Church   and  Religious  Education  Plant* 

THESE  standards  are  designed  to  accompany  the  score  card 
for  a  city  church  and  religious  education  plant.  The  stand- 
ards, in  order  to  conform  to  the  outline  presented  in  the  score 
card,  have  been  divided  into  six  major  sections  as  follows:  (1) 
Standards  on  Site;  (2)  Standards  on  Building  Placement  and 
Construction;  (3)  Standards  involving  all  Service  Systems; 
(4)  Standards  for  Church  Rooms;  (5)  Standards  for  Religious 
School  Rooms,  and  (6)  Standards  for  Community  Service 
Rooms. 

I.  STANDARDS    INVOLVED    IN    THE    SITE    OF    A    CHURCH- 
SCHOOL  PLANT 

A.  Location 

1.  Accessibility 

a.  Near  enough  to  the  business  section  of  the  city  to  profit  by 
the  convergence  of  roads  and  car   lines,  if  a  "downtown" 
church. 

b.  In  the  direction  of  the  city's  growth  rather  than  behind  it. 

c.  Located  centrally  with  respect  to  its  entire  constituency. 

2.  Environment 

a.  Adjoining  attractive,   clean  and  well-kept  property   (trees, 
lawns,  etc.). 

b.  Sanitary  and  healthful — free  from  malodors. 

c.  Remote  from  fire  dangers — not  adjacent  to  large  wooden  or 
non-fireproof  buildings,  gas  tanks,   or  other  fire  spreading 
structures. 

d.  Quiet — not  adjacent  to  any  factory,  planing  mill  or  plant 
employing  machinery,  or  shops  such  as  tinsmiths,  auto  repair 
shops,  passing  street  cars  or  railroad  trains.    Streets  should 
not  be  brick  or  cobblestone. 

e.  Not   near   over-towering   buildings,   but   placed   in    proper 
architectural  setting  on  a  strategic  location. 

B.  Nature  of  Site  and  its  Condition 
1.  Drainage  and  nature  of  soil 

a.  Natural  slope  preferred,  sloping  away  from  building  at  a 
minimum  slope  of  1  inch  in  3  feet. 

b.  Entire  site  should  be  thoroughly  tiled  with  special  provision 
for  the  basement.    Protected  from  surface  water  from  higher 
contiguous  ground.    Nature  of  soil  should  determine  the  depth 
of  the  tile. 

'Prepared  by  N.  L.  Engelhard t  and  E.  S.  Evenden. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        167 


c.  Sandy  loam  and  fertile  enough  for  good  lawns  and  landscape 
gardening. 

d.  Playground — quick   drying   (rapidly   drained)   with   turf  or 
artificial  surface  of  crushed  stone  or  gravel.     Natural  soil 
preferred  to  artificial. 

2.  Upkeep  of  Site 

a.  Entire  site  should  show  evidence  of  proper  maintenance. 
Lawns  should  be  well  kept;  shrubbery  well  trimmed;  walks 
clean  and  in  good  repair;  fences  or  walls  in  good  state  of 
preservation.  Grounds  should  be  free  from  unsightly  ash 
piles,  waste  paper,  rubbish  of  any  kind  and  weeds. 

C.  Size  and  Form  of  Site 

a.  Should  be  large  enough  and  of  a  shape  to  allow  for  the  proper 
placing  of  building  or  buildings  and  for  future  additions. 

b.  Should  be  large  enough  to  provide 

(1)  In  front  for  ample  lawns  and  shrubbery  for  outdoor  fetes, 
pageants  and  other  festivals; 

(2)  In  rear  for  playgrounds,  tennis  courts,  ball  ground,  and 
other  athletic  facilities  to  be  provided. 

c.  A  plot  of  from  3  to  10  acres,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the 
community  to  be  served,  is  necessary  for  these  activities. 

d.  Where  city  congestion  is  such  as  to  prevent  acquisition  of 
standard  site,  roof  garden  should  be  planned  for  festivals,  song 
services,  play  and  other  outdoor  activities.    Its  construction 
should  care  for  the  following  elements: 

(1)  Adequate  roof  covering,  rail  protection,  shields  against 
wind,  rain  and  snow; 

(2)  Storage  facilities  and  the  extension  of  all  service  systems 
to  the  roof  garden. 

(3)  The  special  equipment  consisting  of  tables,  chairs,  portable 
stage  and  piano. 

e.  Where  playground  and  athletic  field  are  separated  from  the 
church  site  they  should  not  be  so  distant  that  the  school  and 
gymnasium  equipment  cannot  be  used. 

II.  BUILDING  OR  BUILDINGS 
A.  Placement 
1.  Orientation 

a.  Buildings  should  be  so  placed  upon  the  lot  that  the  light 
exposure  will  be  in  qrder  of  preference,  southeast,  east,  south- 
west, or  west.     Buildings  should  not  have  full  northern  or 
southern  exposure. 

b.  If  the  building  is  a  one-story  structure,  poor  orientation  may 
be  overcome  by  means  of  overhead  lighting. 

c.  The  diagonal  placement  of  the  building  upon  its  site  may  be 
made  an  esthetic  advantage  by  means  of  the  proper  placement 
of  trees  and  shrubbery. 


168  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

2.  Position  on  Site 

The  buildings  should  be  so  placed 

a.  As  to  secure  a  maximum  of  esthetic  effect. 

b.  As  to  provide  for  the  greatest  possible  utilization  of  grounds. 

c.  As  to  permit  either  future  additions  to  present  buildings  or 
additional  buildings. 

B.  Cross  Structure  of  Building  or  Buildings 

1.  Type  of  Esthetic  Balance 

a.  Architectural — practically  all  of  the  types  of  church  building 
architectures  will  lend  themselves  to  standardized  conditions. 
The  selection  of  the  type  desired  will  depend  largely  upon  the 
architecture  of  other  large  public  buildings  in  the  immediate 
vicinity. 

b.  A  church  school  plant  should  in  its  architecture  clearly  indicate 
its  purpose. 

c.  Dignity  and  beauty  are  essential  characteristics  of  the  gross 
structure. 

d.  Building    should    be    architecturally   consistent,   that  is,   it 
should  conform  throughout  to  the  line  forms  and  movements 
established  by  the  architectural  type  after  which  it  is  built. 
Any  variations  in   these  should  be  in  harmony  with  the 
symmetry  and  general  effects  of  the  building. 

e.  Expensive  and  costly  ornamentation  which  does  not  add  to 
utility  should  be  avoided  unless  absolutely  necessary  in  order 
to  make  the  building  conform  to  its  type. 

f.  The   building   should   be   planned   to   harmonize   with   the 
surrounding  structures.    "Harmonize"  should  be  understood 
to  mean  not  duplication  of  material  or  style,  but  rather  an 
addition  to  existing  buildings  of  a  style  not  in  architectural 
discord. 

2.  Material 

Churches  of  granite,  stone  or  marble  produce  effects  of  endur- 
ingness,  massiveness  and  solidity.  These  materials  are  more 
affected  by  fire  than  is  vitrified  brick  or  reinforced  concrete. 
Fire-proof  materials  should  be  used  throughout  in  all  structures 
of  more  than  one  story. 

3.  Height 

a.  The  church  structure  should  not  be  more  than  two  stories 
above  the  basement.     The  school  structure  should  conform 
to  this  standard  except  in  very  congested  cities  where  it  may 
be  three  stories  when  strictly  fire-proof. 

b.  The  basement  should  not  be  used  for  social  or  educational 
purposes  when  more  than  three  feet  below  the  ground  level. 

4.  Roof 

a.  Style  and  shape  of  roof  will  be  determined  by  the  type  of 
architecture  employed  for  the  church  building  and  the  purpose 
for  which  the  roof  is  used. 


OF    MALDEN,     MASSACHUSETTS        169 

b.  The  roof  should  be  laid  with  slate,  tile  or  asbestos  shingle. 

c.  The  roof  should  be  provided  with  eaves  gutters,  drain  pipes 
and  guard  rails  for  preventing  snow  slides. 

5.  Foundation 

a.  The  foundation  should  go  deep  enough  to  secure  a  firm  support 
for  the  walls,  arches  or  tower  in  order  to  prevent  settling. 

b.  Foundations   should   be    preferably    of   concrete,  reinforced 
where  necessary,  or  masonry  with  a  wide  footing. 

c.  Foundations  enclosing  basement  should  be  made  waterproof 
and  dampproof. 

6.  Walls 

a.  All  bearing  walls  should  be  of  steel  girder  and  column  con- 
struction,   hard    brick    laid    in    cement    mortar,    reinforced 
concrete  or  masonry.    Steel  girder  and  column  construction 
allows  freedom  in  placement  of  partitions  and  is  more  eco- 
nomical to  erect.    All  steel  should  be  thoroughly  fireproofed. 

b.  Non-bearing  walls  should  be  of  hollow  tile. 

c.  Outer  walls,  if  of  brick  or  masonry,  should  be  double  or 
backed  with  hollow  tile  with  dead  air-space. 

d.  Outer  walls  should  be  furred. 

7.  Entrances 

a.  Main  and  secondary  entrances  should  be  provided  both  for 
the  church  and  the  school  building.   The  main  entrance  should 
not  be  less  than  10  feet  to  12  feet  wide  and  should  open 
directly  into  the  main  fover. 

b.  Secondary  entrances  6  feet  to  10  feet  wide  for  double  doors, 
3  feet  or  4  feet  wide  for  single  doors,  should  be  placed  near  the 
stairways  and  at  the  intersections  of  the  main  and  secondary 
corridors. 

c.  There  should  be  at  least  one  entrance  leading  directly  from 
the  playgrounds  to  the  gymnasium. 

d.  There  should  be  separate  entrances  to  the  heating  room,  to 
the  library,  to  the  social  rooms  or  other  parts  of  the  building 
used  for  club  room  purposes.     It  is  desirable  to  have  these 
parts  of  the  building  so  located  that  they  can  be  used  without 
opening  the  entire  building.    All  incased  fireproof  stairways 
or  other  tire  escapes  should  have  separate  entrances. 

e.  It  is  desirable  for  the  rooms  used  for  day  nurseries,  beginners 
or  primary   classes,   to  be  on  the  first  floor  and  to   have 
separate  entrances. 

f .  All  entrances  should  be  free  from  outside  obstructions. 

g.  Steps 

(1)  As  few  as   possible   and   non-exposed.     Inclines  where 
possible. 

(2)  Stone  or  concrete. 

(3)  5-inch  riser  and  14-inch  non-slipping  tread, 
h.  Vestibules 

(1)  10  feet  to  12  feet  wide. 

(2)  Double  swing  doors  and  waterproof  floor. 


170  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


i.   Doors 

Doors  should  open  outward  and  be  provided  with  panic 

bolts,  checks  and  foot  stops. 
j.   Welcome  sign  and  public  bulletin 

(1)  Should  be  conspicuously  located  near  main  entrances. 

(2)  Easily  legible  from  street  during  both  day  and  evening. 

8.  Condition 

a.  The  building  should  be  kept  in  a  condition  of  constant  repair. 
Woodwork  and  metal  trimmings  should  be  protected  against 
weathering  by  painting. 

b.  Any  part  of  the  building  directly  exposed  to  dust  or  dirt 
should  be  frequently  cleaned.     Masonry  which  cracks  from 
freezing  should  be  immediately  repaired.     Masonry  joints 
exposed  to  the  weather  should  be  repointed  in  order  that  the 
joints  between  the  stone  may  not  become  seepage  points. 

C.  Internal  Structure  of  Building  or  Buildings 

1.  Stairways 

a.  Construction 

(1)  Should  be  separated  from  corridors  by  fire-proof  doors  in 
basement  and  on  other  floors. 

(2)  Should  be  constructed  entirely  of  fire-proof  material. 

(3)  Dimensions  should  be  based  on  formula  that  "width  of 
tread  plus  twice  the  riser  equals  twenty-four  inches." 
Width  will  vary  with  the  width  of  the  corridors  and  the 
width  of  the  doors.     They  should,  however,  not  be  less 
than  4  feet.    If  more  than  5  feet,  there  should  be  a  dividing 
rail. 

(4)  Any  landing  should  have  a  width  equal  to  the  length  of 
the  longest  tread  in  the  stairs  leading  to  it.     Winders 
should  be  avoided. 

(5)  All  stairways  should  be  provided  with  hand  rails,  prefer- 
ably of  two  heights,  for  children  and  adults. 

b.  There  should  be  enough  stairways  to  empty  the  balcony  or 
second  floor  in  two  minutes'  time. 

c.  Lighting  provisions  for  natural  as  well  as  artificial  light  should 
be  made.     Switches  for  electric  lights  should  be  near  the 
exits.      There  should  also  be  gas  light  on  stairways  and  at 
exits. 

d.  Sanitation— Where  angles  and  corners  would  otherwise  occur 
in  stairways  construction,  the  plans  should  provide  for  concave 
surfaces  (coves)  thus  preventing  the  accumulation  of  dust, 
dirt,  and  germ-carrying  filth  in  places  inaccessible  to  brooms 
and  brushes. 

e.  No  storage  room  should  be  permitted  under  stairways,  unless 
strictly  fire-proof. 

2.  Corridors  and  foyer 
a.  Corridors 

(1)  Location.  Determined  by  the  position  of  the  auditorium 
and  special  *ooms.  Should  provide  ready  access  to  the 
stairways  and  permit  rapid  circulation  to  every  part  of 
the  building. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        171 


(2)  Construction 

(a)  Material,  with  exception  of  that  for  the  floor  surface, 
should  be  fire-proof.     The  floor  surface  should   be 
durable  and  noiseless.    Cement  overlaid  with  patent 
process  or  battleship  linoleum  is  most  desirable.    Hard 
maple  or  hard  pine  is  the  best  wood. 

(b)  Should  be  wide  enough  to  prevent  congestion ;  with 
the  main  corridor,  wide  enough  for  decoration. 

(c)  All  classroom  and  special  room  doors  should  open 
into  corridors. 

(d)  Lighting  should  be  natural  and  adequate. 

(e)  Sanitary  coves  free  from  dust  catchers. 

(f)  Should  be  free  from  obstructions  which  prevent  easy 


(3)  Provision  should  be  made  for  using  the  influence  of  beauti- 
ful surroundings,  pictures,  busts,  friezes,  and  the  like. 

b.  Foyer 

(1)  Should  be  located  directly  off  main  entrance  and  should 
have  principal  corridors  and  stairways  leading  from  it. 

(2)  Should  be  large  enough  to  permit  distribution  of  the  people 
to  different  parts  of  the  building  without  confusion. 

(3)  Should  be  large  enough  to  permit  "exchange  of  greetings" 
on  the  way  out  from  meetings. 

(4)  Should  be  equipped  with  umbrella  racks  and  door  mats. 

3.  Basement 

Depth  below  grade  3  feet,  except  for  rooms  not  used  for 
educational  and  social  purposes,  such  as  boiler  rooms,  ventilat- 
ing plant,  and  coal  pits,  which  may  be  lower  and  at  a  depth 
which  will  permit  the  direct  dumping  of  coal  from  driveways. 
Ducts  for  the  distribution  of  air  may  be  enclosed  in  moisture 
proof  passages  underneath  the  floor.  This  will  keep  the  height 
of  the  rooms  on  the  ground  floor  down  to  12  feet,  except  where 
the  gymnasium  is  on  the  basement  floor.  If  25  per  cent,  of  the 
ceiling  is  covered  with  ducts,  add  their  height  to  the  height  of 
the  rooms. 

4.  Decorative  attractiveness 

a.  Care  should  be  taken  to  have  the  interior  decorations  of  the 
church  as  productive  of  a  worshipful  attitude  as  is  possible. 
Some  of  the  characteristics  which  produce  this  effect  should 
also  be  given  to  the  church  school  rooms.    Woodwork,  dado, 
walls,  ceiling,  windows,  furniture,  shades,  finish,  and  fixtures 
should  be  in  color  harmony. 

b.  Care  should  be  taken  to  secure  restful  harmony  of  propor- 
tions, and  particularly  of  colors.     Balance  in  color  relation 
produces  a  restful  effect  and  leaves  the  mind  at  ease  for  con- 
templation.   Perfect  color  balance  is  found  in  the  middle  tone 
value  of  pure  neutral,  which  is  a  gray  made  by  mixing  black 
and  white  in  equal  quantities.    This  balanced  tone,  or  tones 
closely  related  to  it,  should  be  used  as  often  as  possible.    Color 
interest  is  secured  by  using  very  neutral  qualities  of  any  hue, 


172  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


such  as  blue,  green,  red,  purple,  yellow,  etc.  To  produce  a 
very  neutral  hue  use  the  middle  value  of  gray  and  add  a  small 
quantity  of  color  pigment.  Brilliant  hues  in  any  value,  light, 
middle  or  dark  are  invariably  irritating  and  distracting.  The 
direct  facing  of  light  or  sitting  in  crosslights  should  be  made 
impossible. 

c.  The  interior  structure  of  church  buildings  should,  as  far  as 
possible,  symbolize  many  of  the  essential  elements  of  religious 
life,  such  as  simplicity,  genuineness,  cleanliness,  permanence, 
modesty,  stability,  etc.  Over-ornateness  should  be  avoided. 

III.  SERVICE  SYSTEMS 

A.  Heating  and  Ventilation 

Systems  of  heating  and  ventilation  are  here  classified  and  designated  by  a  compound 
word  for  each  system.  The  word  preceding  the  hyphen  indicates  the  method  of  Heating 
and  the  word  following  the  hyphen  indicates  the  system  of  air  supply.  Ventilation. 
Where  the  word  "direct"  is  applied  to  a  heating  system  it  means  that  the  heat  is  im- 
parted directly  to  the  room  by  means  of  radiating  surfaces  or  heat  sources  located  within 
the  room  heated.  Steam  and  hot  water  radiators  and  electric  heaters  are  appliances 
classified  under  this  heading. 

Where  the  word  "indirect"  is  used  it  means  that  heat  is  imparted  indirectly  to  the  room 
by  air  initially  warmed  by  radiating  surfaces  or  heat  sources  located  outside  of  the  room 
heated  and  the  warm  air  is  conveyed  therefrom  to  the  room  through  suitable  air  ducts 
or  flues.  Hot  air  furnaces  and  standard  steam  and  hot  water  indirect  radiators  are  appli- 
ances classified  under  this  heading 

Where  the  word  "gravity"  is  applied  to  a  ventilation  system  it  means  that  the  required 
air  movement  is  maintained  by  the  force  of  gravity  only,  either  with  or  without  accelera- 
tion by  means  of  an  added  source  of  heat.  The  capacity  ot  a  "gravity"  system  should 
be  determined  upon  the  basis  of  a  difference  of  indoor  and  outdoor  temperature  of  forty 
(40)  degrees  Fahrenheit  or  less. 

Where  the  word  "mechanical"  is  used  it  means  that  the  required  air  movement  is  main- 
tained by  the  use  of  blowers,  fans  or  similar_mechanically  operated  appliances. 

1.  Kind 

a.  "  Furnace-Gravity"  system  includes  hot  air  furnaces.    These 
are  located  in  the  basement  and  below  the  room  or  rooms 
to  be  heated.    They  take  the  air  from  out-of-doors  and  deliver 
warm  air  to  the  rooms  without  the  use  of  mechanical  devices. 
Ducts  or  flues  of  proper  size  are  provided.   The  air  in  sufficient 
volume  to  heat  and  ventilate  the  rooms  is  warmed  to  a  tem- 
perature adequate  to  maintain  the  requirements  set  up  in 
these  standards.   In  addition,  there  is  provided  a  corresponding 
gravity  exhaust  system,  which  withdraws  vitiated  air  from  the 
rooms  and  discharges  it  out-of-doors.    The  discharge  may  be 
affected  with  or  without  acceleration  by  means  of  an  added 
source  of  heat. 

b.  "Direct-Natural"   system   means   an    equipment   including 
direct  radiators  under  the  windows  for  heating  the  room  and 
properly  designed   deflecting  ventilators  for  the  windows. 
These  ventilators  will  allow  the  natural  admission  of  the  air 
from  out-of-doors.    A  system  of  exhaust  ventilation  for  the 
removal  of  vitiated  air  in  the  required  volume,  through  spe- 
cially located  outlets  in  the  room,  should  be  provided.    Desira- 
bility is  based  on  the  following  rules: 

(1)  This  system  should  not  be  used  in  large  audience  rooms. 

(2)  It  should  be  used  only  in  connection  with  a  steam  atmos- 
pheric vapor  system  of  heating  with  graduating  control 
valves  on  the  radiators. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS       173 


(3)  The  radiators  should  extend  the  full  width  of  all  windows. 
All  windows  should  be  used  for  the  admission  of  air  to 
the  room.    Radiators  should  contain  not  less  than  twice 
the  radiating  surface  otherwise  necessary  to  maintain 
the  required  room  temperature. 

(4)  Window  deflecting  ventilators,  not  less  than  twelve  (12) 
inches  high  should  be  placed  on  the  sills  and  extend  the 
full  width  of  all  windows.    They  should  be  of  approved 
construction,  insuring  effective  deflection  and  diffusion  of 
the  air  without  objectionable  drafts. 

(5)  Vitiated  air  should  be  taken  through  one  or  more  openings 
located  near  the  floor  of  the  room  and  preferably  in  the 
wall  opposite  the  windows.    Each  opening  should  con- 
nect with  an  independent  exhaust  flue  extending  through 
the  roof.    The  combined  areas  of  such  flues  should  be  not 
less  than  one  (1)  square  foot  for  each  five  occupants  of 
the  room.     Each  flue  should  be  provided  with  a  shut-off 
damper.     For  a  mechanical  exhaust,  or  for  a  gravity 
accelerated  exhaust  system,  one  such  opening  and  flue 
for  each  room  may  be  provided.     This  single  opening 
should  be  located  as  above  required. 

c.  "Direct-Gravity"  system  means  an  equipment,  including: 

(1)  Direct'radiators  located  within  the  room  to  be  heated. 

(2)  Indirect  radiators,  in  suitable  casings,  located  below  the 
rooms  to  be  ventilated.    The  air  is  taken  from  out-of-doors 
over  the  indirect  radiators  and  delivered  to  the  rooms  in 
sufficient  volume  and  at  approximately  the  required  room 
temperature,  without  the  direct  use  of  mechanical  means. 
Ducts  and  flues  of  proper  size  are  used  for  the  delivery  of 
air.    Approved  mechanical  means  are  provided  for  auxili- 
ary   use    when    necessary.      A    corresponding    gravity 
exhaust  system,  which  withdraws  the  vitiated  air  from 
the  rooms  and  discharges  it  out-of-doors,  is  installed.  This 
exhaust  system  may  or  may  not  be  installed  with  provision 
for  acceleration  by  means  of  an  added  scfurce  of  heat. 

d.  "Direct-Mechanical"  system  includes  the  following: 

(1)  The    "split   system,"    providing   both    direct   radiators 
located  within  the  rooms  to  be  heated,  and  a  forced  air 
supply  for  rooms  requiring  ventilation.     The  forced  air 
supply  system  should  consist  of  a  mechanically  operated 
fan  or  blower,  which  takes  the  air  from  out-of-doors 
and  draws  or  forces  it  through  suitably  enclosed  air- 
heaters.    At  these  heaters  it  should  be  warmed  to  approxi- 
mately room  temperature  and  thence  delivered  to  the 
rooms  through  properly  proportioned  ducts  or  flues. 

(2)  The  "unit  system."    Such  a  unit  system  includes  in  each 
room  one  or  more  ventilating  units,  which  are  located 
under  the  windows  and  which  contain  electrically  operated 
twin  multiblade  fans,  drawing  the  air  directly  from  out-of- 
doors  and   delivering  it  to  the  room  in  the  required 
volume.     The  ventilating  unit  also  contains  extended 
surface  steam  radiators  for  heating  the  air  to  the  required 
temperature. 


174  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


In  connection  with  either  of  the  above  systems  a  cor- 
responding mechanical  or  gravity  exhaust  system  is  used. 
This  exhaust  system  withdraws  the  vitiated  air  directly 
from  the  rooms  and  discharges  it  out-of-doors.  The  dis- 
charge may  be  with  or  without  acceleration  by  means  of 
an  added  source  of  heat. 

e.  The  "Indirect-Mechanical"  system  includes  no  direct  radi- 
ators within  the  schoolrooms,  but  should  provide  for  both 
the  heating  and  ventilation  of  schoolrooms  to  the  required 
standard  by  means  of  a  forced  system  of  air  supply.     A 
mechanically  operated  fan  or  blower  is  employed  which  takes 
the  air  from  out-of-doors  and  draws  or  forces  it  through 
suitable  enclosed  steam  or  hot  water  indirect  radiators  or 
through  hot  air  furnaces.    When  thus  warmed  to  a  sufficient, 
temperature,  the  air  is  delivered  to  the  classrooms  through 
properly  proportioned  ducts  or  flues.  A  corresponding  mechani- 
cal or  gravity  exhaust  system  for  rooms  requiring  exhaust 
ventilation  is  used.    This  system  provides  for  the  withdrawal 
of  the  vitiated  air  from  the  rooms  and  its  discharge  out-of- 
doors.    This  system  may  be  installed  with  or  without  accelera- 
tion by  means  of  an  added  source  of  heat.     The  indirect 
mechanical   system   requires,   in   addition,    direct   radiators 
sufficient  to  heat  all  rooms  where  water  is  provided  and  also 
direct  radiators  at  all  entrances. 

f.  "Direct-Indirect"  Ventilation 

The  so-called  "direct-indirect"  system  of  heating  and  ventila- 
tion is  not  acceptable.  By  "direct-indirect"  is  meant  the 
introduction  of  air  at  the  base,  or  upon  any  part,  of  a  "direct" 
radiator  without  the  use  of  a  fan  as  provided  in  the  "unit 
system." 

2.  Installation 

a.  Hot  air  furnaces  should  be  of  approved  design,  having  fire 
pot   and   radiator   entirely   surrounded   by   insulated   sheet 
metal  casing  or  masonry  enclosure.     This  enclosure  should 
be  so  arranged  that  no  perceptible  resistance  is  encountered 
by  the  air  in  passing  to  the  warm  air  leaders.     Should  be 
provided  with  approved  water  evaporating  pan  located  within 
the  casing,  preferably  near  the  top. 

Should  be  computed  for  size  on  the  basis  of: 

(1)  Total  heat  necessary  for  heating  the  building  and  warming 
the  air  for  ventilation  to  standard  temperature. 

(2)  The  heating  value  of  fuel. 

(3)  The  rate  of  combustion. 

(4)  The   combined  efficiency   of  furnace   and   grate.     The 
heating  surfaces  and  grate  area  of  the  furnace  should  be 
such  that  its  rated  and  required  capacity  may  be  obtained 
without  forcing,  under  any  conditions  of  service. 

b.  Steam  and  Hot-water  Boilers 

Should  be  constructed  and  equipped  in  accordance  with  the 
boiler  rules  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 
Should  be  installed  with  sufficient  space  on  all  sides  to  allow 
of  proper  firing,  adequate  cleaning  and  ready  access  to  all 
parts  for  necessary  repairs. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS       175 

Should  be  computed  for  size  on  the  basis  of: 

(1)  The   total   connected   heat-radiating   surface,   including 
direct  and  indirect  radiation,  water-heating  coils,  mains 
and  risers,  each  reduced  to  its  equivalent  of  direct  radiat- 
ing surface. 

(2)  The  available  fuel  charge  for  any  boiler  should  be  sufficient 
to  maintain  the  boiler  rating  for  not  less  than  eight  (8) 
hours  without  replenishing  when  connected  to  not  more 
than  four  thousand   (4,000)   square  feet  of  equivalent 
direct  steam  radiating  surface,  or  to  not  more  than  six 
thousand  (6,000)  square  feet  of  equivalent  direct  water 
radiation.     For  larger  connected  loads  the  fuel  charge 
should  be  sufficient  to  maintain  the  boiler  rating  for  not 
less  than  six  (6)  hours  without  replenishing. 

c.  Direct  Radiators 

Should  be  constructed  of  cast  iron,  having  smooth  surfaces. 
Coils  should  be  constructed  of  wrought  iron  pipe  and  cast 
iron  coil  fittings. 

Should  be  located  under  windows,  wherever  possible,  except 
as  provided  below.  When  so  placed,  radiators  should  not 
extend  above  the  window  stool.  They  should  not  be  located 
under  the  blackboards  of  classrooms.  In  stair  halls  which 
are  used  as  fire  exits,  direct  radiators  should  be  located  at  a 
distance  of  more  than  six  (6)  feet  from  the  floor,  the  stair 
treads,  or  the  stair  landings. 

Should  be  located  not  less  than  two  (2)  feet  above  the  working 
water  level  in  the  boiler,  if  used  on  a  steam  gravity-return 
system. 

When  used  without  a  system  of  indirectly  warmed  air  supply, 
direct  radiators  should  have  been  computed  for  size  on  the 
basis  of  the  total  heat  loss,  under  the  required  temperature 
conditions,  through  all  exposed  glass,  wall,  roof  and  floor 
surfaces,  including  one  room  air  change  per  hour,  or  equivalent 
as  allowance  for  leakage. 

When  used  in  conjunction  with  a  system  of  indirectly  warmed 
air  supply,  direct  radiators  should  be  computed  on  the  same 
basis  as  required  above  but  excluding  allowance  for  air  leakage. 
Such  leakage  should  be  provided  for  in  warmed  air  admitted 
for  ventilation.  Where  a  unit  system  is  used,  direct  radiation, 
in  addition  to  the  ventilating  units,  should  be  installed  suffi- 
cient to  heat  the  rooms  as  required  above,  unless  the  units 
are  of  ample  size  and  so  arranged  to  allow  direct  heating  of 
the  room  without  the  use  of  fans. 

When  placed  in  enclosures,  direct  radiators  should  be  in- 
creased in  size  over  the  above  requirements  by  not  less  than 
thirty  (30)  per  cent.  Six  (6)  square  inches  of  register  area 
at  top  of  radiators  and  four  (4)  square  inches  of  register  area 
at  bottom  of  radiator,  per  square  foot  of  radiation  should  be 
provided.  As  a  substitute,  a  grille  over  the  entire  front  of 
the  radiator,  extending  above  the  top  of  the  radiator,  may 
be  used.  Enclosures  should  be  lined  with  galvanized  iron 
and  asbestos  sheets.  Easy  access  to  valves  should  be  provided. 


176  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


d.  Indirect  Radiators 

Should  be  constructed  preferably  of  cast  iron  having  extended 

surface,  or  may  be  made  of  wrought  iron  or  steel  pipe  with 

suitable  cast  iron  headers. 

Should  be  encased  in  sheet  metal,  or  other  fireproof  enclosures, 

to  confine  the  flow  of  the  air  close  to,  and  in  contact  with 

the  radiator  sections. 

Should  be  computed  for  size  on  the  basis  of: 

(1)  Required  air  volume. 

(2)  Required  temperature  rise. 

(3)  Free  air  space  or  efficiency  of  the  radiator. 

(4)  Air  velocity. 

The  velocity  through  the  radiator  should  not  exceed  the 
necessary  air  velocity  in  the  connecting  warm  air  flues, 
Arhen  used  in  a  gravity  air  supply  system.  The  velocity 
through  the  radiator  should  not  exceed  twelve  hundred 
(1,200)  feet  per  minute  when  used  as  a  central  air  temper- 
ing heater  in  a  mechanical  air  supply  system. 

e.  Accelerating  Heaters 

May  be  steam  radiators,  either  hung  in  separate  exhaust  flues 
not  more  than  twelve  (12)  inches  above  the  highest  opening 
in  the  flue,  or  placed  in  fireproof  enclosures  in  roof  space  at 
the  junction  of  several  exhaust  flues.  When  used  in  connection 
with  a  furnace  gravity  system,  accelerating  heaters  may  be 
stack  heaters  located  at  the  base  of  the  central  exhaust  flues. 
The  use  of  hot  water  radiators  as  accelerating  heaters  is  not 
desirable. 

Should  be  computed  for  size  on  the  basis  of  not  less  than 
two  (2)  square  feet  of  steam-heated  surface  for  each  one 
hundred  (100)  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute  to  be  exhausted 
through  the  flues. 

f.  Piping 

Should  be  of  ample  capacity  and  properly  arranged  for  the 
system  of  distribution  used.  Should  have  proper  main  control 
valves  located  at  or  near  the  boiler.  Every  stack  of  indirect 
radiation  should  be  valved  to  allow  of  separate  control. 
For  large  heating  installations,  the  piping  for  direct  radiation 
and  indirect  radiation  should  be  arranged  on  separate  systems. 
Each  system  should  be  properly  valved  to  allow  of  separate 
operation.  Piping  installed  under  floors,  in  unexcavated 
spaces,  or  in  earth,  should  be  carefully  protected  against 
corrosion  by  being  suitably  painted  and  by  being  enclosed  in 
approved  tile  or  masonry  conduits  or  trenches.  Piping  laid 
in  cinder  or  concrete  floor  fill  or  construction  should  be  pio- 
tected  by  suitable  heavy  steel  metal  arches,  or  equivalent 
device.  Ample  space  should  be  allowed  for  expansion  and 
contraction  of  all  concealed  piping. 

g.  Pipe  and  Boiler  Coverings 

Should  be  made  of  approved  non-conducting  heat  insulating 
materials  in  the  form  of  sectional  coverings  for  pipes  carrying 
steam  or  hot  water  and  plastic  felting  for  pipe  fittings  and 
other  hot  surfaces. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        177 


Should  be  used  on  all  main  distribution  piping  and  branches 
and  on  all  piping  inaccessibly  concealed  in  the  building 
construction  or  installed  in  locations  liable  to  exposure  to 
freezing  temperature. 

Should  be  applied  to  steam  and  hot  water  boilers  and  to 
furnaces  when  such  heating  appliances  are  not  otherwise 
enclosed  in  masonry  or  specially  insulated  casings.  Coverings 
should  also  be  applied  to  all  steam  and  hot  water  piping  m 
boiler  rooms  located  under  occupied  rooms. 

h.  Flues  and  Ducts 

All  ducts  and  flues  used  for  conveying  air  for  heating  and 
ventilation  should  be  constructed  throughout  of  fireproof 
materials,  having  smooth  interior  surfaces  and  rendered  tight 
against  air  leakage. 

i.   Warm  Air  Riser  Flues 

Should  be  individual  flues  for  respective  rooms  served.    The 

use  of  a  common  flue  serving  more  than  one  room  is  not 

acceptable. 

Should  be  computed  for  area  when  used  in  a  gravity  system 

of  air  supply,  on  the  basis  of  maximum  allowable  air  velocity, 

as  follows: 

(1)  For  rooms  on  the  first  floor  (above  the  heaters)  250  feet 
per  minute. 

(2)  For  rooms  on  the  second  floor  (above  the  heaters)  300 
feet  per  minute. 

Should  be  computed  for  area  when  used  in  a  mechanical  system 
of  air  supply,  on  the  basis  of  maximum  allowable  velocity 
of  four  hundred  (400)  feet  per  minute. 

j.   Exhaust  Air  Riser  Flues 

Should  be  individual  flues  for  rooms  served  with  the  exception 

that  a  common  flue  serving  more  than  one  room,  other  than 

rooms  for  assembly  purposes,  may  be  used,  provided  every 

room    exhaust    connection    thereto    is    supplied    with    an 

approved  automatic  fire  damper. 

Should  be  computed  for  area,  when  used  in  a  gravity  system 

of  exhaust  ventilation,  on  the  basis  of  maximum  allowable 

air  velocity,  as  follows: 

For  flues  1 5  feet  high  or  less,  200  feet  per  minute. 

For  flues  15  to  30  feet  high,  250  feet  per  minute. 

For  flues  30  to  40  feet  high,  300  feet  per  minute. 

For  flues  40  to  50  feet  high,  350  feet  per  minute. 

Should  be  computed  for  area,  when  used  in  a  mechanical 

system  of  exhaust  ventilation,   on  the  basis  of  maximum 

allowable  velocity  of: 

(1)  Four  hundred  (400)  feet  per  minute  for  individual  flues. 

(2)  Six  hundred  (600)  feet  per  minute  of  over  four  (4)  square 
feet  area  common  to  two  or  more  rooms. 

Should  be  carried  through  the  roof,  either  as  individual  flues, 
or  after  being  joined  to  a  common  flue  at  or  near  the  roof 
level.  Exhaust  air  riser  flues  may  be  connected  by  a  system 


178  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


of  lateral  ducts  to  exhaust  fans,  centralized  roof  ventilator 
central  accelerating  chambers,  belfries,  steeples,  or  equivalent 
devices.  In  no  case  should  exhaust  flues  discharge  into  open 
attic  spaces. 

Where  carried  through  the  roof,  exhaust  air  riser  flues  should 
extend  to,  or  above  the  level  of  any  adjacent  copings  or  other 
raised  portions  of  the  roof.  In  all  cases  such  extensions 
should  be  not  less  than  three  (3)  feet  above  the  roof. 

Exhaust  flues  should  be  provided  at  top  with  approved  caps, 
ventilator  heads,  or  equivalent  devices,  to  exclude  the  weather. 
Such  devices  should  have  on  at  least  two  opposite  sides  a  free 
area  of  opening  equal  to  not  less  than  the  area  of  the  flue. 

k.  Lateral  Ducts 

Should  be  computed  for  area  with  reasonable  reference  to 
the  velocity  of  the  air  carried  in  the  riser  flues  to  which  they 
connect.  The  maximum  allowable  velocity  in  any  lateral 
duct  should  be  as  follows: 

(1)  For  a  gravity  system  four  hundred  (400)  feet  per  minute. 

(2)  For  mechanical  system,  using  individual  lateral  ducts, 
eight  hundred  (800)  feet  per  minute. 

(3)  For  a  mechanical  system  using  lateral  trunk  ducts,  twelve 
hundred  (1,200)  feet  per  minute. 

1.   Smoke  Flue 

(1)  A  separate  smoke  flue  should  be  provided  for  the  heating 
furnace  or  boiler.    It  should  be  constructed  of  fire-resisting 
materials  throughout,   having  smooth   interior  surface. 
The  flue,  if  unlined,  should  be  constructed  with  brick 
walls  not  less  than  twelve  (12)  inches  thick.     If  lined 
with  tile  the  brick  walls  should  be  not  less  than  eight  (8) 
inches  thick.    The  smoke  flue  may  consist  of  a  steel  stack 
enclosed  by  brick  walls  not  less  than  twelve  (12)  inches 
thick.    The  smoke  flue  should  extend  not  less  than  two 
(2)  feet  above  the  highest  point  of  the  roof  or  an  equal 
distance  above  any  roof  copings. 

(2)  The  smoke  flue  should  be  computed  for  minimum  area 
in  square  feet  for  round  or  square  flue  based  upon  the 
area  of  the  boiler  or  furnace  grate  in  square  feet  divided 
by  the  square  root  of  the  total  flue  height  in  feet  above 
the  grate  level,  when  large  size  anthracite  and  bituminous 
lump  coal,  oil  or  gas  is  used  as  fuel.    The  area  should  be 
increased  by  twenty-five  (25)  per  cent,  when  small  size 
anthracite  or  run-of-mine  bituminous  coal  is  used.     For 
rectangular  flue  the  relation  of  the  sides  should  be  not 
less  than  in  the  ratio  of  one  (1)  to  two  (2). 

m.   Room  Openings  for  Ventilation 
Fresh  air  inlets,  should  be  located: 

(1)  On  an  interior  wall  with  bottom  of  opening  approximately 
eight  (8)  feet  above  the  floor  wherever  possible;  or 

(2)  In  or  near  the  ceiling  where  installation  conditions  neces- 
sitate such  location. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        179 


Exhaust  air  outlets  should  be  located  on  an  interior  wall  and 
preferably  in  the  same  wall  with  the  fresh  air  inlet.  Such 
outlets  should  be  at  or  near  the  floor  in  all  rooms  provided 
directly  with  gravity  or  mechanical  air  supply.  In  rooms 
not  provided  with  gravity  or  mechanical  air  supply  the 
exhaust  air  room  outlets  should  be  located  in  or  near  the  ceiling 
and  preferably  at  point  most  remote  from  the  window. 

n.  For  toilet,  locker,  shower  or  coat  rooms  having  only  an 
indirect  means  for  heating,  the  warm  air  inlets  may  be  located 
near  the  floor,  provided  the  vitiated  air  is  withdrawn  from 
such  rooms  through  outlets  located  in  or  near  the  ceiling. 

o.  For  a  moving-picture  booth  the  air  exhaust  outlet  should  be 
located  in  or  near  the  ceiling  and  should  connect  to  a  special 
fire-proof  duct  or  flue  carried  to  a  proper  place  of  discharge 
out-of-doors.  The  clear  area  of  this  duct  or  flue  should  be 
based  on  not  less  than  one  and  three-fifths  (1%)  square  inches 
for  each  cubic  foot  of  air  to  be  exhausted.  In  addition  the 
flue  should  be  provided  with  an  adjustable  damper  made 
operative  from  the  booth  and  equipped  with  an  appliance 
containing  a  fusible  link,  or  equivalent  device  to  insure  the 
releasing  and  wide  opening  of  the  damper  in  case  of  fire. 

p.  Registers  and  Grilles 

Should  be  approved  cast  iron,  cut  steel,  or  woven  wire  in 
wrought  iron  frames.  They  should  have  free  air  spaces  in  the 
face  equal  to  not  less  than  seventy  (70)  per  cent,  of  the  gross 
area  of  openings  in  which  they  are  placed. 
Should  be  furnished  for  all  air  supply  room  openings.  They 
may  be  omitted  for  air  exhaust  room  openings,  provided 
suitable  shut-off  dampers  are  installed  in  the  connecting  flues 
or  ducts.  When  used  for  openings  connecting  directly  with 
vertical  flues,  they  should  have  a  height  equal  to  not  less  than 
the  depth  of  the  flue,  and  preferably  twenty-five  (25)  per 
cent,  greater.  Registers  and  grilles  should  be  computed  for 
net  area  on  the  basis  of 

(1)  A  maximum  allowable  velocity  of  three  hundred  (300) 
feet  per  minute  for  air  supply  registers  when  located 
fifteen  (15)  feet  or  less  above  the  floor. 

(2)  A  maximum  allowable  velocity  of  four  hundred  (400) 
feet  per  minute  for  air  exhaust  registers  and  for  air  supply 
registers  when  located  more  than  fifteen  (15)  feet  above 
the  floor.     The  use  of  floor  registers  or  grilles  is  not 
desirable. 

q.  Dampers 

Should  be  provided  with  approved  operating,  adjusting  or 

clamping  devices  as  required  for  the  service  intended.    When 

dampers  are  located  in  inaccessible  positions  such  devices 

should  be  extended  to  accessible  points. 

Should  have  approved  means  of  indicating  their  open  or 

closed  position.    When  placed  in  locations  remote  from  the 

room  openings  served,  they  should  be  plainly  marked  for 

identification. 

Shut-off  dampers,  or  equivalent  devices  should  be  provided 


180  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


at  or  near  all  points  where  fresh  air  is  admitted  to  or  vitiated 
air  discharged  from  the  building.  They  should  be  so  arranged 
that  such  air  passages  may  be  closed  when  not  in  use.  Such 
dampers  should  be  capable  of  being  set  to  regulate  the  air 
velocity. 

Volume  dampers  should  be  provided  in  all  air  supply  and  air 
exhaust  ducts  or  flues  so  arranged  as  to  allow  of  an  equitable 
adjustment  and  distribution  of  the  air  through  the  room 
openings. 

Mixing  dampers,  when  not  automatically  operated  should  be 
provided  with  suitable  chains,  pulleys,  counterweights,  etc., 
arranged  for  hand  operation  from  the  rooms  they  serve. 
Automatic  fire  dampers  should  be  provided  in  all  ducts  passing 
through  a  fire  wall,  and  in  all  room-opening  connections  into 
a  vertical  flue  which  serves  more  than  one  room.  Such 
dampers  should  be  controlled  by  a  fusible  link,  or  equivalent 
device,  to  insure  the  releasing  and  closing  of  the  fire  damper 
in  case  of  fire  in  such  ducts  or  flues. 

r.  Deflectors  and  Diffusers 

Should  be  provided  for  air  supply  room  inlets  whenever  the 
location  of  the  air  inlet  is  such  as  would  otherwise  produce 
objectionable  drafts  or  inefficient  air  distribution.  Such 
deflectors  and  diffusers  should  be  of  approved  construction 
and  adjustable.  They  may  be  placed  behind  or  at  the  opening 
of  the  register  or  grille  or  may  replace  such  register  or  grille. 

s.  Recirculation  of  Air 

Return  ducts,  providing  for  recirculating  air  should  be 
permitted  only  as  a  means  of  pre-heating.  Such  ducts  should 
not  be  used  when  the  building  is  occupied,  unless  the  cir- 
culated air  is  first  passed  through  an  approved  air  washer. 
When  this  is  done,  provision  should  be  made  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  not  less  than  twenty-five  (25)  per  cent,  of  outdoor 
air  to  be  mixed  with  the  washed  air. 

3.  Air  Supply  and  Exhaust 

a.  The  ventilation  system  should  be  of  ample  capacity  and  should 
be  so  installed  as  to  supply  to  every  room  occupant  during 
the  entire  period  of  occupancy  the  following  minimum  amounts 
of  clean,  pure,  warmed  outdoor  air: 

(1)  Thirty  (30)  cubic  feet  per  minute  in  all  rooms  used  for 
regular  or  special  class  study  or  recitation. 

(2)  Fifteen   (15)   cubic  feet  per  minute  in  all  rooms  used 
exclusively  for  assembly  purposes. 

The  number  of  occupants  for  each  room  should  be  assumed 
to  mean  the  seating  capacity  on  the  basis  for  each  individual 
of  not  more  than  eighteen  (18)  square  feet  of  floor  area  for 
classrooms  and  seven  (7)  square  feet  of  floor  area  for  audito- 
riums, when  such  rooms  are  used  exclusively  for  assembly 
purposes. 

b.  When  number  of  occupants  cannot  be  determined  in  this 
manner,  the  following  rules  should  govern:     Eight  (8)  air 
changes  per  hour  may  be  substituted  in  lieu  of  thirty  (30) 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        181 


cubic  feet  per  minute  per  occupant  for  rooms  used  for  class 
purposes.  Two  and  one-half  (2]4}  cubic  feet  of  air  per 
minute  per  square  foot  of  floor  area  for  assembly  rooms.  A 
minimum  of  four  (4)  air  changes  per  hour  for  all  other  rooms 
requiring  ventilation. 

c.  Every  room  having  air  supply  ventilation  should  be  provided 
also  with  exhaust  ventilation.    The  volume  of  air  exhausted 
should  be  at  least  equal  to  the  volume  of  air  supplied  in  each 
case.    In  toilet  rooms,  the  air  exhausted  should  exceed  the  air 
supplied,  so  that  no  pressure  may  be  produced  in  these  rooms. 

d.  Every  coat  room  adjoining  a  school  room  should  be  provided 
with  exhaust  ventilation.    School  room  air  may  be  wholly  or 
partly  exhausted  through  the  adjoining  coat  room. 

e.  Every  sanitary  and  toilet  room  having  more  than  one  water 
closet  or  urinal  fixture  should  be  provided  with  air  exhaust 
ventilation  equal  in  volume  to  not  less  than  eight  (8)  air 
changes  per  hour.     The  ducts  or  flues  for  such  ventilation 
should  be  independent  of,  and  separated  from,  any  other 
part  of  the  ventilating  system.     The  movement  of  the  air 
in  such  ducts  or  flues  should  be  positively  maintained,  either 
by  means  of  accelerating  heaters  in  exhaust  flues  extending 
through  the  roof  or  by  an  exhaust  fan  or  other  equivalent 
device.     Toilet  rooms   may  be  ventilated  through   utility 
chambers  provided  behind  the  water  closets  or  urinal  stalls. 
In  such  installations  each  water  closet  stall  should  be  vented 
and  provided  with  a  grille  of  not  less  than  thirty-six  (36) 
square  inches  area  located  above  (12)  inches  from  the  floor. 

f.  A  system  of  air  supply  and  exhaust  ventilation  should  be 
provided  for  gymnasiums,  natatoriums,.  shower  and  locker 
rooms.    It  is  not  necessary  where  the  area  of  movable  windows 
communicating  directly  with  outside  air  is  at  least  equal  to 
one-sixth  of  the  floor  area  of  the  room.     In  all  other  cases 
air  supply  and  exhaust  ventilation  should  be  provided  suffi- 
cent  to  maintain  not  less  than  six  (6)  air  changes  per  hour 
in  each  such  room. 

g.  Where  moving-picture  machines  are  installed  the  enclosures 
or  booths  for  such  machines  should  be  constructed  of  fire-proof 
materials  and  should  be  provided  with  approved  independent 
means  of  air  exhaust  ventilation  having  sufficient  capacity 
to  remove  at  all  times  not  less  than  sixty  (60)  cubic  feet  of 
air  per  minute  for  each  machine. 

h.  Fresh  Air  Intakes 

The  fresh  air  supply  for  ventilation  should  be  taken  from  an 
uncontaminated  source,  preferably  from  above  the  roof,  or 
at  a  point  at  least  fifteen  (15)  feet  above  the  grade  level. 
The  air  supplied  should  be  free  from  dust  or  other  impurities. 
When  taken  from  above  the  roof  inlets  should  not  be  located 
within  twenty-five  (25)  feet  of  toilet  vents  or  chimney. 
Openings  should  be  provided  on  side  away  from  such  toilet 
vents  or  chimney. 

Should  have  openings  protected  with  suitable  wire  screen  to 
keep  out  birds,  vermin  and  debris.  Approved  louvers  or 
doors  should  be  provided  to  keep  out  the  weather  when  the 
ventilation  system  is  not  in  use. 


182  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

Should  be  computed  for  free  area  of  opening  based  on 

(1)  A  maximum  allowable  air  velocity  of  four  hundred  (400) 
feet  per  minute  for  a  gravity  system. 

(2)  A   maximum   allowable   air   velocity   of   one   thousand 
(1,000)  feet  per  minute  for  a  mechanical  system. 

Fresh  air  chambers  should  be  clean  at  all  times  and  should 
not  be  used  for  storage  purposes. 

L   Air  Filters 

(1)  When  used  for  removing  dust  or  other  solid  impurities 
from  the  air  supplied  for  ventilation,  air  niters  may  be 
cloth  equipment  in  the  form  of  screens  or  bags  and  so 
arranged  as  to  allow  easy  cleaning  and  renewal. 

(2)  When  cloth  is  used  as  a  filtering  material  the  net  filtering 
area  should  be  computed  on  the  basis  of 

(a)  A  maximum  allowable  velocity  of  twenty  (20)  feet 
per  minute  for  a  gravity  system. 

(b)  A  maximum  allowable  velocity  of  forty  (40)  feet  per 
minute  for  a  mechanical  system. 

j.  Air  Washers  and  Humidifiers 

(1)  Air  washers  are  preferred  to  air  filters.    Air  washers  should 
be  equipped  with  an  automatic  means  for  maintaining  a 
relative  humidity  within  rooms  between  the  limits  of 
forty  and  sixty  per  cent. 

(2)  Air  washers  should  have  cross-sectional  areas  based  on  a 
maximum  allowable  velocity  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
(250)   feet  per  minute  for  a  gravity  system  and  five 
hundred  (500)  feet  per  minute  for  a  mechanical  system. 

4.  Fans  and  Motors 

Fans  should  be  selected  for  type  and  capacity  on  the  basis  of 
the  relations  obtaining  between  the  resistance  to  be  overcome, 
the  volume  of  air  to  be  delivered  and  the  speed  of  operation. 
They  should  be  so  designed,  constructed,  and  mounted  in 
connection  with  electric  motors  or  other  approved  motive  power, 
that  they  will  operate  quietly  and  without  vibration,  with  a 
velocity  of  wheel  at  the  periphery  not  exceeding  thirty-six 
hundred  (3,600)  feet  per  minute  and  a  velocity  of  air  through 
the  outlet  not  exceeding  two  thousand  (2,000)  feet  per  minute 
for  housed  fans. 

5.  Distribution 

a.  The  heating  system  should  be  of  ample  capacity  and  so 
installed  as  to  insure  uniform  temperature  being  maintained 
in  occupied  rooms  when  the  outdoor  temperature  is  zero 
degrees  Fahrenheit,  with  a  variation  not  exceeding  three  (3) 
degrees  Fahrenheit  as  measured  on  a  plane  three  (3)  feet 
above  the  floor  as  follows: 

A  maximum  of  seventy  (70)  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  a  mini- 
mum of  sixty-seven  (67)  degrees  Fahrenheit  in  all  rooms  used 
for  class  or  assembly  purposes.  A  maximum  of  seventy 
(70)  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  a  minimum  of  sixty-five  (65) 
degrees  Fahrenheit  in  all  cloak,  sanitary  and  toilet  rooms, 
corridors,  passages  and  stair  halls. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        183 


A  maximum  of  eighty  (80)  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  a  minimum 
of  seventy-five  (75)  degrees  Fahrenheit  in  all  shower  rooms 
and  natatoriums. 

A  maximum  of  sixty-five  (65)  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  a 
minimum  of  sixty  (60)  degrees  Fahrenheit  in  the  gymnasium 
and  game  rooms. 

All  rooms  or  spaces  used  for  any  purpose  should  be  heated. 
The  capacity  of  the  plant  should  be  such  that  the  maximum 
temperature  requirements  as  above  stated  may  be  main- 
tained throughout  the  building  at  all  times  of  occupancy. 
All  rooms  not  above  listed  in  which  the  occupants  remain  at 
rest  should  be  classed  under  the  sixty-seven  (67)  degree  mini- 
mum. Rooms  intermittently  used  for  other  than  social,  class 
or  assembly  purposes  should  be  classed  under  the  sixty-five 
(65)  degree  minimum.  Rooms  used  for  hard  exercise  or  play 
should  be  classed  under  the  sixty  (60)  degree  minimum, 
b.  Special  Provisions.  In  audience  rooms  the  air  may  be 
introduced  through  the  ceiling  and  exhausted  at  the  floor 
line  by  means  of  "mushroom"  ventilators  located  under  the 
seats.  Such  a  system  should  be  capable  also  of  reversal  of 
the  air  currents  from  the  "downward"  to  the  "upward" 
system  of  air  circulation  for  use  in  summer. 

6.  Temperature  Control 

Automatic  temperature  regulation  should  be  provided  for  con- 
trolling and  maintaining  the  minimum  temperature  requirements. 
Such  a  system  should  be  provided  in  all  principal  rooms  occupied. 
The  system  should  be  applied  to  all  direct  radiators  (if  used) 
within  the  rooms  and  to  all  indirect  radiators  or  mixing  dampers 
where  the  system  of  heating  and  ventilation  used  makes  it 
possible. 

B.  Fire  Protection  System 

1.  Apparatus 

Automatic  sprinkler  systems  with  pressure  heads  located  in  the 
proportion  of  one  to  about  100  square  feet  of  floor  area  should 
be  located  in  rooms  of  possible  danger  source;  or  standard 
stand-pipe  system  with  no  part  of  building  more  than  75  feet 
distant  from  nearest  hose  outlet,  2  j^-inch  hose — hose  racks  and 
valves  exposed  in  corridors;  gravity  tank  on  roof  .where  insuffi- 
cient water  pressure  is  provided.  One  fire  extinguisher  to  every 
5,000  square  feet  of  floor  area.  Fire-alarm  stations  on  each 
floor  in  plain  sight.  The  latter  should  be  connected  with  city 
fire  department. 

2.  Fireproof  ness 

The  desirable  standard  is  a  building  constructed  of  fire-proof 
materials  which  offer  a  maximum  of  resistance  to  fire.  The  most 
stringent  requirements  of  all  fire  prevention  laws  should  be 
observed. 

3.  Fire  Escapes 

Enclosed  fireproof  stairwells  are  required  in  all  buildings  of  two 
stories  or  more.  Exterior  fire  escapes  cannot  be  considered  an 
adequate  substitute  for  such  stairwells,  though  they  are  recom- 
mended where  no  other  provision  has  or  can  be  made. 


184  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


4.  Electrical  Wiring 

Should  be  installed  in  accordance  with  the  latest  rules  of  the 
National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters.  These  rules  concern  the 
nature  and  place  of  intake,  insulation,  number  and  kind  of 
outlets,  location  of  switches,  meter,  cutout  and  cabinets. 

5.  Fire  Doors 

Self-closing  fire  doors  at  all  places  of  probable  danger,  especially 
about  heating  plant;  fire  glass  windows  should  be  below  or 
should  overlook  fire  escapes. 

6.  Electric  Lights  and  Signs 

Red  globe  exit  lights  and  hall  arrows  for  fire  exits  where  necessary. 
The  letters  on  signs  should  be  of  plain  block  type  not  less  than 
four  inches  in  height. 

C.  Cleaning  System 

1.  Kind 

Vacuum  systems  preferable. 

2.  Installation 

Permanent  piping  so  that  every  part  of  building  is  not  more  than 
fifty  feet  from  a  hose  outlet.  Hose  should  be  \\i  inches  in 
diameter  stiffened  with  spiral  wire  and  50-75  feet  long.  Discharge 
into  furnace.  If  there  is  no  vacuum  system,  adequacy  of  equip- 
ment should  be  considered.  This  should  include  a  sufficiency 
of  the  following  materials:  floor  brushes,  dust  cloths,  mops, 
mop-wringers,  sweeping  compound,  carpet-sweepers  and  the 
like.  Built-in  waste  chutes  are  desirable  in  the  construction  of 
any  building. 

3.  Efficiency 

Should  be  judged  by  general  cleanliness  of  floors,  walls,  equip- 
ment, windows,  lighting  fixtures,  storerooms,  basement  and 
toilet  rooms.  Basements  piled  with  rubbish  and  discarded 
equipment,  storerooms  littered  with  papers  and  other  inflam- 
mable materials  and  kitchens  with  rusty  and  dirt-covered  equip- 
ment are  indications  of  exceedingly  low  efficiency. 

D.  Artificial  Lighting  System 

1.  Gas  and  Electricity 

Gas  for  stairways,  corridors,  auditorium,  and  fire  exits.  Elec- 
tricity for  the  entire  building 

2.  Outlets  and  Fixtures 

a.  .Outlets  placed  at  all  points  of  constant  need,  such  as  pulpit, 
organ,   choir   gallery,  orchestra,   stage,  corridors,   etc.,  with 
audience  rooms  amply  provided. 

b.  Each  class  room  should  be  equipped.    Nine  outlets  for  class- 
rooms 24  x  32.    Six  outlets  for  classrooms  20  x  24. 

c.  Outlets  in  corridors  should  be  20  to  25  feet  apart.    Fixtures 
should  be  installed  in  each  vestibule. 

d.  Stage  of  School  Assembly  Auditorium 

(1)  Combination  of  regular  (foots  and  borders)  and  modern 
overhead  direct  system  with  units  in  form  of  movable 
olivettes,  nitrogen  lamps,  adjustable  spots  and  baby  spots. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS         185 


(2)  Switchboard.    One  of  the  latest  approved  design,  includ- 
ing dimmers.    Should  be  placed  at  right  of  stage  in  such 
position  that  it  will  not  interfere  with  any  type  of  pro- 
scenium arch. 

(3)  Sunken  trough  with  adjustable  floor  covering  for  foot- 
lights. 

(4)  Music  stands  should  be  equipped  with  a  light  of  one  or 
two  candle  power  so  shaded  that  all  light  will  be  shut  off 
from  line  of  vision  of  audience  and  will  not  interfere 
with  any  general  or  special  lighting  scheme. 

e.  Church  Auditorium 

(1)  Pulpit  and  console  lights  on  separate  switches  from  audito- 
rium lights. 

(2)  Special  movable  choir  lights   (l/2  candle  power)   to  be 
suspended    over    singers    in    front    seats    (auditorium) 
during  stereopticon  song  service,  thus  allowing  use  of 
hymnals,  octavo  or  oratorio  scores  in  darkened  church. 

f .  All  fixtures  of  each  room  should  harmonize  with  other  decora- 
tions and  equipment.    Simplicity,  yet  appropriateness  should 
be  the  end  sought. 

g.  Switch  Controls 

(1)  Switches  near  entrances;  each  cluster  with  an  individual 
switch  where  need  so  dictates.    Original  installation  of  a 
maximum  of  switches  should  tend  to  lower  maintenance 
costs. 

(2)  Switchboard,  equipped  with  lock  and  key,  and  provided 
with  individual  switches  for  purpose  of  controlling  all 

'lights  on  any  floor  should  be  placed  at  most  convenient 
exit  point  in  the  building. 

h.  Stereopticon  and  Motion  Picture  Wiring  Standards 

(1)  In  audience  rooms  utilized  for  moving-picture  or  stere- 
opticon purposes  duplicate  switch  should  place  artificial 
lighting  under  operators'  control. 

(2)  Wall  or  base  plugs  for  stereopticons  should  be  provided 
in  classrooms. 

(3)  Permanent  wired  signal  light  from  speaker's  stand  to 
operator  of  stereopticon. 

3.  Method  and  Illumination 

a.  Semi-indirect  or  indirect  system. 

b.  Standard  illumination 

(1)  For  classrooms,  study  and  library  rooms,  9-foot  candles 
at  each  desk  without  objectionable  glare  or  shadows. 

(2)  For  auditorium  or  assembly,  3-foot  candles  at  each  pew 
or  audience  chair. 

c.  Source  of  light  should  be  located  out  of  direct  line  of  vision 
from  any  place  in  audience  chambers  or  balconies. 

d.  Ample  overhead  lighting  for  choir  gallery  which  may  be 
dimmed  during  sermon  or  address. 


186  CHURCH   BUILDING    SURVEY 


e.  Visualization  equipment  for  church  auditorium 

(1)  Ordinary  flood  lights  operated  from  side  galleries. 

(2)  Auditorium  lighted  in  sections  with  dimmers. 

(3)  Facilities  for  illuminating  special  art  windows  by  outside 
lighting  shining  through  into  semi-darkened  church. 

E.  Water  Supply  System 

1.  Drinking  Fountains 

Automatic  bubbling  fountains,  the  apparatus  of  which  prevents 
the  users  from  touching  mouth  or  lips  to  the  metal  should  be 
provided  in  reasonable  numbers.  The  standard  of  one  fountain 
for  each  75  to  100  children  should  be  observed  in  the  school, 
Fountains  are  preferably  wall-attached  and  placed  at  varied 
heights.  Located  in  corridors  of  community  house  and  school 
house.  Easy  of  access  to  classrooms,  playrooms,  gymnasium, 
playground  and  to  dressing  rooms  of  stage. 

2.  Washing  Provisions 

Washbowls  should  be  provided  in  all  toilets  and  adapted  to  the 
heights  of  children.  They  should  also  be  located  in  janitor's 
room  and  in  kitchens  and  workrooms.  Sinks  should  be  located 
in  kitchens  and  boiler  rooms.  Slop-sinks  are  essential  in  janitors' 
closets  on  each  floor. 

Soap  dispensers,  ready  for  use  and  a  sanitary  towel  system 
are  required  for  each  sink  and  washbowl. 

3.  Hot  and  Cold  Water 

Hot  and  cold  water  should  be  provided  at  all  washbowls  and 
sinks.  The  standard  hot  water  equipment  provides  hot  water 
instantaneously  on  demand. 

F.  Toilet  System 

1.  Distribution,  Location  and  Accessibility 

The  majority  of  all  toilets  should  be  placed  in  basement,  or  on 
the  ground  floor,  but  at  least  one  seat  for  each  sex  should  be 
provided  for  emergency  on  each  floor.  Conveniently  placed 
with  reference  to  stairways  and  corridors  and  readily  accessible 
to  large  audience  rooms.  Offices,  teachers'  rooms,  auditoriums, 
mothers'  rest  rooms,  gymnasium  dressing  rooms  and  janitor's 
quarters  should  be  provided  with  toilet  facilities.  Separate 
toilets  convenient  to  kindergarten  classroom.  Toilets  should 
be  easily  accessible  to  dressing  rooms  off  auditoriums  or  assembly 
rooms. 

2.  Fixtures 

a.  Seats 

Porcelain  seats  of  open  type  with  individual  automatic  flush 
are  standard.  Seats  should  be  enclosed  in  individual  booths 
with  light  swinging  doors.  Each  booth  should  have  its  toilet 
paper  rack  and  be  equipped  with  toilet  paper.  Seats  should 
vary  in  height  so  that  young  children  may  be  accommodated. 

b.  Urinals 

Sides  and  backs  of  material  which  is  non-absorbent  and  easily 
cleaned.  Individual  urinal  stalls  sunk  to  floor  level  preferable. 
Individual  sanitary  flush  attached  to  each  stall. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        187 


3.  Adequacy  and  Arrangement 

Placing  of  seats  and  urinals  should  be  such  as  to  avoid  obstruc- 
tion of  light.  Should  be  arranged  along  walls  in  single  rows. 
Urinals  at  point  nearest  door,  seats  farthest  from  the  door. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  provide  a  sufficient  number  of  seats  and 
urinals.  For  the  toilet  equipment  of  the  school  the  following 
rule  should  be  observed: 

One  seat  for  each  classroom  or  for  each  30  girls  and  one-half 
seat  and  one  urinal  per  classroom  or  for  each  30  boys. 

4.  Seclusion 

There  should  be  non-communicating,  sound-proof  walls  between 
adjoining  rooms  provided  for  the  two  sexes.  Entrance  to  toilet 
rooms  properly  screened.  Partitions  and  swing  doors  for  each 
seat.  Toilet  rooms  should  be  structural  units  from  which  no 
sound  emanates  to  remainder  of  building. 

5.  Sanitation 

Separate  stack,  duct  and  fan  for  ventilating  purposes.  All 
plumbing  should  be  exposed.  Plumbing  utility  chamber  at 
rear  of  all  rows  of  seats.  Walls  and  floors  should  be  non- 
absorbent,  non-corrosive  and  damp-proof.  Tile  or  moisture- 
proof  cement  overlaid  with  hard  asphaltum  is  most  desirable 
floor.  Wainscot,  same  material  as  stall  partitions  or  white 
tile.  Walls,  faced  with  glazed  brick,  absolutely  white.  Ceiling 
sound-proof  and  odor-proof. 

G.  Other  Service  System 

1.  Clocks  and  Signal  System 

a.  Clocks 

One  for  each  classroom,  for  each  social  room  and  one  in  back 
of  auditorium  and  school  assembly  room;  in  church  foyer 
and  main  vestibule  of  religious  school.  Community  clock  in 
church  tower  desirable. 

b.  Bells  and  Gongs 

For  assembly,  dismissal  and  fire-drill  signals.  At  least  one 
button  on  each  floor  for  fire  signals.  Doorbell  system  for 
call  of  janitor. 

2.  Church  Bells  and  Chimes 

a.  Ringing  should  be  made  readily  possible  without  incon- 
venience. Housing  for  chimes  player  should  involve  full 
consideration  of  accessibility,  lighting,  heating  and  freedom 
from  interruptions. 

3.  Telephones 

a.  Public  Telephone.     At  least  one  public  telephone  on  each 
floor,  preferably  in  booths.    Telephone  in  pastor's  study  and 
in  church  office. 

b.  House  Inter-communicating  Telephone.     When  size  of  plant 
dictates  need  of  house  telephone,  a  switch-board  should  be 
located  in  church  office. 

c.  Hearing  Devices  for  the  Deaf.     Hearing  provision  should  be 
made  for  the  deaf  in  a  few  seats  in  all  large  audience  chambers. 


188  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


4.  Service  Lifts  and  Elevators 

Where  arrangement  of  rooms  demands  service  lifts,  dumb- 
waiters, book  elevators,  or  freight  elevators  should  be  provided. 
Small  electrically  operated  passenger  elevators  are  desirable 
in  large  institutions  especially  where  a  roof  garden  is  maintained. 

H.  Service  Rooms 

1.  Workshops 

a.  Workshop  of  Superintendent  of  Buildings,  Engineer  or  Janitors 
This  shop  should  be  equipped  with  tools  and  janitor's  mate- 
rials and  supplies  needed  for  repair  work  on  any  of  the 
mechanical  systems  installed.    Efficiency  in  the  storage  and 
handling  of  supplies  should  be  possible  through  facilities 
provided.      The   equipment   may   consist   of   a   carpenter's 
bench,  vises,  anvil,  set  of  plumbing  tools  and  the  like. 

b.  Workshop  for  Stage  Properties 

Where  additions  to  costumes  and  properties  are  planned  the 
equipment  should  include 

Work  bench  for  (1)  wood  workers  and  (2)  electricians;  draft- 
ing table;  sewing  machine;  dyeing  equipment;  cutting  equip- 
ment; pressing  equipment;  closets,  drawers,  chests;  tool 
outfits;  stenciling  equipment,  and  painting  equipment. 

This  shop  should  provide  at  least  600  square  feet  for  the  use 
of  church  and  community  workers  in  making  scenery,  cos- 
tumes, properties,  etc.  It  should  be  readily  accessible  to 
the  stage. 

2.  Service  Office 

Private  room  for  superintendent  of  buildings  and  grounds. 
Janitors'  or  engineers'  room  should  be  conveniently  located  near 
heating  plant  and  toilet  rooms.  Equipped  with  wash  basin, 
sink  and  individual  bath,  thermostat,  telephone,  desks,  record 
files,  and  other  supplies.  Signal  system  connects  this  room  with 
entrances. 

3.  Fuel  Room 

Sufficiently  large  to  hold  season's  supply  of  fuel;  convenient  to 
heating  plant  and  to  street  or  driveway  in  order  to  permit 
dumping  of  fuel  directly  from  wagons.  Dumping  should  be  so 
accomplished  as  to  eliminate  necessity  for  levelling  of  fuel. 

IV.   CHURCH  ROOMS 

A.  Convenience  of  Arrangement 

1.  Small  church  rooms  should  be  so  arranged  about  the  foyer  and 
auditorium  that  they  are  easy  of  access  to  exits  and  main 
auditorium. 

2.  They  should  be  so  arranged  that  they  can  be  made  to  serve 
as  separate  rooms  and  also  in  conjunction  with  the  main  audito- 
rium either  as  additions  to  the  main  room  or  as  anterooms  for 
various  purposes. 

3.  At  least  two  different  exits  out  of  main  auditorium  should  be 
provided. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        189 

B.  Church  Auditorium 

1.  Size  and  Shape 

a.  Size  adequate  with  expansion  for  maximum  number  of  people 
to  be  served  and  for  estimated  growth  over  the  period  of 
years  to  be  covered  by  life  of  the  building.    Should  allow  a 
minimum  of  from  seven  to  nine  square  feet  of  floor  space  for 
each  individual,  exclusive  of  pupit  platform,  chancel,  choir 
gallery,  etc. 

b.  Shape 

Rectangular,  square,  or  semi-circular,  with  the  pulpit  and 
choir  visible  from  all  seats.  If  rectangular,  the  length  should 
never  be  more  than  twice  the  width. 

2.  Seating 

a.  Pews  or  auditorium  chairs  on  main  floor  or  in  balcony. 

b.  Seats  placed  so  that  all  auditors  face  pulpit. 

c.  Not  more  than  twelve  seats  between  aisles. 

d.  Seats  should  be  provided  with  book-racks,  communion  cup 
holders  and  envelop  containers. 

e.  Kneeling  racks  should  be  provided  where  required. 

f.  All  pews  should  be  distinctly  numbered  or  lettered. 

3.  Illumination 

a.  The  natural  lighting  should  be  such  as  to  provide  at  least 
three-foot  candles  of  light  for  all  seated  in  the  audience 
chamber  and  in  the  balcony.    This  result  can  often  be  secured 
by  overhead  lighting. 

b.  Windows  to  the  right,  left  and  rear  should  furnish  the  bulk 
of  all  natural  lighting.    No  plain  glass  windows  should  be  so 
near  the  front  of  the  audience  chamber  as  to  cause  auditors 
to  face  glaring  light.     Care  should  be  taken  to  provide  for 
elimination  of  all  objectionable,  irritating  light  in  the  eyes 
of  auditors  from  windows  in  front  of  auditorium  and  in  the 
eyes  of  pastor,  speaker  and  choir  from  windows  at  the  rear 
of  the  auditorium. 

c.  All  decorative  windows  should  conform  to  the  best  standards 
of  art  and  biblical  illustration.    Memorial  windows  should  be 
indicated  by  small  tablets  located  underneath  the  windows 
and  not  on  the  memorials  themselves. 

4.  Walls  and  Ceilings 

In  good  condition,  free  from  cracks  and  breaks.  The  color 
scheme  should  be  consistent  throughout  and  in  harmony  with 
the  remainder  of  the  building.  It  should  be  pleasing,  restful, 
and  suggestive  of  worship  and  in  harmony  with  standards  set 
for  decorative  attractiveness  of  internal  structure.  Recency  of 
decoration  and  elimination  of  all  discolorations  and  defacements 
is  essential. 

5.  Floor  of  Auditorium 

a.  Should  be  noiseless  and  durable. 

b.  Cement  overlaid  with  patent  process  or  battleship  linoleum 
is  most  desirable.     Hard  maple  or  hard  pine  is  the  most 
satisfactory  wood.     Where  wood  is  used,  aisles  should  be 
covered  with  linoleum  or  carpets. 


190  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


6.  Balcony 

a.  Should  be  located  only  across  rear  of  auditorium  seating  300 
and  less  than  400,  and  on  three  sides  of  auditorium  seating 
more  than  400. 

b.  Front  of  balcony  should  be  about  15  feet  from  floor. 

c.  In  evangelistic  churches  there  should  be  direct  stairways  from 
balcony  to  platform. 

d.  Seats  should  rise  to  afford  perfect  vision  to  a  point  at  center 
of  platform. 

7.  Pulpit  or  Altar  and  Platform 

a.  Form  to  be  determined  by  the  denomination  of  the  church 
and  the  interior  finish  of  the  auditorium. 

b.  Platform 

Large  enough  to  provide  for  choruses,  special  service  pageants, 
and  accessible  from  halls  or  dressing  rooms  on  both  sides, 
High  enough  to  give  all  parts  of  auditorium  easy  view  of 
speaker.  A  minimum  height  of  3  feet  which  should  increase 
in  direct  proportion  with  the  size  of  the  auditorium  where  the 
auditorium  floor  is  level. 

c.  Movable  rails. 

d.  Movable  furniture,  such  as  chair  stalls,  lectern,  pulpit,  litany 
desk,  organ  console,  etc. 

e.  If  construction  of  stage  levels  is  necessary,  they  should  be  so 
constructed  as  to  appear  as  an  integral  part   of  the  archi- 
tectural scheme. 

f.  Appropriate  chairs;  at  least  three  in  number. 

8.  Baptismal  Equipment 

a.  Form  to  be  determined  by  denomination  of  the  church. 

b.  Should  be  in  plain  view  of  congregation. 

c.  If  for  immersion,  there  should  be  provision  for 

(1)  Separate   dressing   rooms   for  each   sex  with   adjoining 
toilets. 

(2)  Controlled  temperature  of  the  water. 

(3)  Passage   to    and   from   baptistry    concealed   from    con- 
gregation. 

(4)  Appropriate  robes  and  footgear  (rubber). 

9.  Communion  Equipment 

a.  Service  linen,  individual  service  equipment. 

b.  Table  and  at  least  three  chairs.    In  harmony  with  interior 
finish  of  auditorium. 

c.  Chancel  or  communion  rail  with  kneeling  steps  where  re- 
quired. 

10.  Organ 

a.  Modern  pedal  pipe  organ,  electric  blower  of  ample  capacity. 

b.  Specifications  for  size,  manuals,  stops,  organ  divisions  and 
mechanical  features  should  follow  details  as  given  in  the 
Appendix  I,  pages  166-204. 

The  following  generalized  standards  are  desirable  for  audito- 
riums of  varying  sizes  as  indicated: 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        191 


STANDARDS  FOR  TWO  MANUAL  PIPE 
ORGAN  WITH  ECHO 

Suitable  for  Auditorium  Seating  600  People  or  Less 

Great  Organ 

1  Open  Diapason — 8  feet. 

3  Strings — two  of  8  feet  each,  one  of  4  feet. 

2  Flutes — one  of  8  feet,  one  of  4  feet. 
1  Reed— 8  feet. 

Swell  Organ 
1  Bourdon — 16  feet. 
1  Diapason — 8  feet. 

4  Strings — three  of  8  feet  each,  one  of  4  feet. 

3  Flutes — one  of  8  feet,  one  of  4  feet,  one  of  2  feet. 
1  Reed— 8  feet. 

1  Vox  Humana — 8  feet. 

Echo  Organ 

2  Strings — 8  feet  each. 

2  Flutes — one  of  8  feet,  1  of  4  feet. 
1  Vox  Humana — 8  feet. 
Chimes. 

Pedal  Organ 
1  Diapason — 16  feet. 
1  Bourdon— 16  feet. 

STANDARDS  FOR  A  THREE  MANUAL  PIPE 
ORGAN  WITH  ECHO 

Suitable  for  Auditorium  Seating  600  to  1,000  People 

Great  Organ 

1  Open  Diapason — 8  feet. 

2  Strings — one  of  8  feet,  one  of  4  feet. 

3  Flutes — two  of  8  feet  each,  one  of  4  feet. 
1  Reed— 8  feet. 

Small  Organ 

1  Bourdon — 16  feet. 

2  Diapasons — one  of  8  feet  (open),  one  of  8  feet  (stopped). 

3  Strings — 8  feet  each. 

1  Flute— 4  feet. 

2  Reeds — 8  feet  each. 

1  Vox  Humana — 8  feet. 

Choir  Organ 

1  Diapason — 8  feet. 

2  Strings — 8  feet  each. 

4  Flutes — two  of  8  feet  each,  one  of  4  feet,  one  of  2  feet. 
2  Reeds— 8  feet  each. 

Echo  Organ 
(See  Two  Manual  Specifications) 

Pedal  Organ 

2  Diapasons — one  of  16  feet,  one  of  8  feet. 
2  Bourdons — 16  feet  each. 
1  String— 8  feet. 
1  Flute — 8  feet. 


192  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


STANDARDS  FOR  A  THREE  MANUAL  PIPE 
ORGAN  WITH  ECHO 

Suitable  for  Auditorium  seating  1,000  people  or  more 

Great  Organ 

3  Diapasons — one  of  16  feet  (open),  one  of  8  feet  (open), 
one  of  8  feet  (string). 

3  Strings — 8  feet  each. 

4  Flutes — two  of  8  feet  each,  one  of  4  feet,  one  of  2  feet. 
1  Reed— 8  feet. 

Swell  Organ 

1  Bourdon,  16  feet. 

2  Diapason — one  of  8  feet  (open),  one  of  8  feet  (stopped). 
4  Strings— 8  feet  each. 

4  Flutes — one  of  8  feet,  two  of  4  feet  each,  one  of  2  feet. 
2  Reeds— 8  feet  each. 
1  Vox  Humana — 8  feet. 
1  Mixture — three  ranks. 

Choir  Organ 

1  Diapasons — 8  feet. 

4  Strings— 8  feet  each. 

4  Flutes — two  of  8  feet  each,  one  of  4  feet,  one  of  2  feet. 

2  Reeds— 8  feet  each. 

Echo  Organ 
(See  Two  Manual  Specifications) 

Pedal  Organ 

3  Diapasons — two  of  16  feet  each,  one  of  8  feet. 
2  Bourdon — 16  feet  each. 

1  String— 8  feet. 

2  Flutes— 8  feet  each. 
1  Reed— 16  feet. 

c.  Organ  bench  with  music  shelf  of  same  material  as  casing. 

d.  The  proper  placing  of  organ  should  include: 

(1)  Visibility  of  pipes. 

(2)  Ample  speaking  room  for  organ. 

(3)  Proper  placing  of  pipes  with  relation  to  each  other. 

(4)  Proper  placing  with  relation  to  the  choir. 

e.  The  placing  of  organ  console  should  conform  to  the  following 
standards: 

(1)  It  should  be  movable. 

(2)  It  should  hold  a  strategic  position  for  choir  leading. 

(3)  It  should  hold  a  strategic  position  for  congregational 
singing. 

(4)  It  should  hold  a  strategic  position  for  correlation  with 
minister. 

(5)  It  should  be  removable  from  choir  gallery  for  pageantry. 

f.  Church  organ  tone  or  voicing  should  be  safeguarded. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        193 


g.  Organ  Extensions 

(1)  2nd  organ  in  gallery — echo  organ. 

(2)  3d  organ  in  choir  room — set  of  pipes  for  processional  and 
recessional. 

(3)  4th  organ  (2d  console)  in  school  assembly  room. 

h.  Grand  piano,  in  tune  with  organ,  and  placed  in  choir  gallery 
or  on  front  floor  of  the  church  auditorium. 

11.  Choir  Gallery 

a.  Size 

(1)  Large  enough  to  seat  one-eighth  to  one-tenth  of  capacity 
of  auditorium,  i.  e.: 

600  capacity — 60-75  choir  seats. 
1,000  capacity— 100-125  choir  seats. 
1,500  capacity — 150-190  choir  seats. 

(2)  It  should  also   accommodate   organ  console  and   grand 
piano. 

(3)  Arranged  so  that  curtains  will  close  all  but  front  for  solo 
or  quartet  work. 

(4)  Large  enough  platform  space  to  accommodate  pageants. 

b.  Location 

Immediately  behind  pulpit-platform,  separated  therefrom  by 
curtains  and  by  its  own  2-feet  elevation. 

c.  Construction 

(1)  Built  at  one  or  two -levels,  with  temporary  seats  clamped 
to  risers,  all  of  which  may  be  rearranged  for  special  song 
services,  festivals,  etc.,  or  entirely  removed  for  pageant 
production,    thus    furnishing   three    floor    areas    within 
stepping  distance  of  each  other: 

(a)  Pulpit  platform. 

(b)  Choir  gallery  floor. 

(c)  Choir  gallery  floor. 

(2)  Easy  of  access  for  processionals,  pageants,  etc.-,  through 
audience  room  or  from  choir  rooms  on  either  side. 

(3)  Inclined  plane  approaches  preferable  to  stairways. 

d.  Equipment 

(1)  Individual  seats  with  rack  (back  of  chair)  to  hold  octavo 
music  and  hymnals  when  not  in  use. 

(2)  Seats  for  adults  and  children. 

(3)  Storage  space  for  seats  and  risers. 

(4)  Orchestral  stands. 

(5)  Conductor's  stand  and  elevation. 

e.  Neutral  toned  hangings  or  a  back  drop  to  cover  organ  and 
form  background  for  pageant. 

12.  Choir  Rooms 

a.  Dressing  rooms  with  entrance  directly  from  street. 

(1)  One  room  for  boys  and  men  (general  rehearsal  room)  and 
one  room  for  girls  and  women,  both  to  be  provided  with: 


194  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

(a)  Toilet  facilities. 

(b)  Wardrobes  containing  individual  lockers  or  hooks  for 
choir  gowns,  etc. 

(c)  Seats  and  tables. 

(d)  Rugs  and  pictures  to  make  room  attractive. 

(e)  Extra  hooks  and  shelves  along  walls  for  pageant 
costumes. 

(2)  The  dressing  room  for  boys  and  men  should  be  the  general 
rehearsal  room.  The  room  should  be  sound-proof  and 
the  acoustic  properties  should  be  satisfactory.  It  should 
be  equipped  for  this  purpose  with: 

(a)  Grand  piano. 

(b)  Seats  for  all. 

(c)  Standing  room  for  entire  choir  in  which  to  form 
processional. 

(d)  Organ  extension  played  from  regular  organ  console. 

(e)  Filing  music  cabinets  for  octavo  and  oratorio  scores 
(similar  to  those  used  for  talking  machine  records). 

(f)  Desk,  card  catalogue,  and  repair  and  marking  equip- 
ment for  secretary  and  librarians. 

(g)  Director's  office,  small  inner  room,  off  from  rehearsal 
room. 

(h)  Adequate  artificial  lighting. 

(i)    Easy  and  well-lighted  approach  to  choir  gallery. 

(j)   Signal  or  buzzer  system  from  organ  to  rehearsal  room. 

13.  Acoustics 

If  acoustics  are  poor  there  should  be  evidence  of  attempts  to 
remedy  them,  by  such  devices  as  sounding-boards  behind  the 
pulpit,  reverberation  pads  or  nets,  etc. 

14.  Visualization  Equipment 

a.  Stereopticon  Equipment  (separate  unit  from  moving-picture 
machine) 

(1)  Operated  from  side  gallery  on  curtain  at  side  front. 

(2)  Machine.     Any  standard  make. 

(3)  Illuminants. 

(a)  For  pictures  up  to  ten  feet  in  dark  room,  400  Mazda 
lamp. 

(b)  For  pictures  up  to  thirteen  feet  in  dark  room,  1,000 
Mazda  lamp. 

(c)  For  pictures  over  thirteen  feet  in  dark  room,  arc 
lamp   for   direct  current  and  Monoplane  lamp  for 
alternating  current. 

NOTE — For  daytime  projection  whore  a  certain  amount  of  diffused 
linlit  is  unavoidable  decrease  diainct.  r  of  picture  by  25  PIT  «-nt. 

(4)  Lens.   Should  be  half-size  objective  lens  of  standard  make. 

(5)  Equipment  will  vary  according  to  the  size  of  the  room. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        195 

b.  Moving  Picture  Equipment 

(1)  Booth 

(a)  Fire-proof  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  town 
or  city. 

(b)  Material.    It  should  be  completely  lined  with  asbestos 
or  steel. 

(2)  Motion  Picture  Projectors 

(a)  Portable  machines  have  not  as  yet  been  perfected 
and  are  consequently  not  standard  equipment. 

(b)  Standard  Machines 

All  these  machines  require  the  use  of  a  fireproof  booth. 
Two  of  the  first-class  machines  are  the  Simplex 
Motion  Picture  Projector  with  incandescent  lamps 
and  the  Powers  Cameragraph  with  incandescent 
lamps. 

c.  Screens 

(1)  Wall  on  which  screen  can  be  painted 

(2)  Opaque,  white  screen  of  cloth. 

(3)  Aluminum  screen  to  be  used  only  when  colored  pictures 
are  not  shown  and  where  angle  of  view  is  not  over  60 
degrees.     Preferable  for  motion  pictures  in  long  narrow 
audience  room. 

(4)  Half-tone  screen  is  probably  as  good  for  both  stereopticon 
and  motion  picture  use  as  any  single  screen. 

(5)  Curtain  to  be  rolled  from  floor  up  and  be  entirely  invisible 
when  not  in  actual  use. 

d.  Provision  for  Darkening  the  Windows  of  all  rooms  in  which 
visualization  equipment  is  to  be  used. 

15.  Cloak  or  Check  Room 

Convenient  to  entrance  and  so  that  people  may  pass  by  on  way 
to  or  from  the  auditorium  without  confusion. 
Should  be  equipped  to  permit  use  of  a  system  of  checking  which 
should  include  provisions  for  wet  umbrellas  and  rubbers. 

C.  Chapel  or  Small  Assembly  Room 

A  room  with  a  seating  capacity  about  one-quarter  of  main  audito- 
rium. Movable  chairs.  Equipped  to  meet  the  needs  for  which  the 
main  auditorium  is  too  large. 

D.  Parlor  and  Church  Board  Room 

A  room  large  enough  for  meetings  of  the  church  board,  for  larger 
committees,  and  to  serve  as  a  church  parlor.  Fitted  with  long 
table,  chairs,  carpet  and  appropriate  decorations.  Should  be  cozy 
in  nature  and  equipped  with  comfortable  furniture. 

E.  Pastor's  Study 

Light,  well  ventilated  and  well  heated,  desk,  filing  cabinets,  book- 
cases, small  conference  table  and  chairs.  Convenient  to  church 
office  but  separated  by  sound-proof  walls.  Lavatory  and  toilet 
adjoining. 


196  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

F.  Church  Office 

Room  for  the  church  secretary  equipped  with  desk,  safe,  filing  cases, 
card  index  of  membership,  etc. 

G.  Church  Vault 

To  be  used  by  the  pastor  and  the  church  officials  for  the  preservation 
of  church  statistics  and  records.  Should  be  damp-proof  and  fire- 
proof. Should  adjoin  church  office. 

V.   CHURCH  SCHOOL  ROOMS 
A.  Location  and  Connection 

1.  With  Church  Building 

School  should  be  maintained  in  a  separate  wing  of  the  building 
or  in  a  separate  building,  connected  with  the  main  church 
building  by  a  loggia  or  cloister.  This  loggia  should  be  provided 
with  a  movable  sash  for  enclosing  it  in  winter. 

2.  With  Other  Schoolrooms  and  Facilities 

Church  schoolroom  should  be  so  located  as  to  be  easy  of  access 
to  exits,  drinking  fountains,  toilets  and  auditorium.  Each  school 
room  should  open  into  exit  hall  without  entering  other  rooms. 

3.  Assembly  room  should  be  located  on  ground  or  first  floor  and 
be  easily  accessible  to  classrooms  and  exits.     Assembly  room 
should  have  a  number  of  entrances  connecting  with  a  wide 
maximum  foyer  at  rear  of  hall  and  may  be  joined  on  two  sides 
with  a  wide  foyer. 

B.  School  Assembly  Room 

1.  Size  and  Shape 

Seating  capacity  sufficient  to  accommodate  entire  school  with 
provision  for  community  growth.  With  rear  balcony  or  with 
rear  and  side  balconies.  If  the  hall  is  rectangular  its  length 
should  be  approximately  one-third  more  than  its  width.  An 
assembly  room,  the  main  floor  of  which  seats  300,  is  large  enough 
to  have  a  balcony  across  the  rear.  Where  the  main  floor  of  an 
assembly  room  seats  400  or  more  a  balcony  on  three  sides  may 
be  provided. 

2.  Seating 

a.  Movable.      Single   chairs   easily   combined    into   banks   by 
individual  chair  clamps.    Variations  in  aisles  should  be  made 
possible. 

b.  Folding  type. 

c.  Size.     The  space  between  rows  (from  back  of  one  seat  to 
back  of  seat  in  front)  at  least  three  feet.    Width  of  seat  at 
least  twenty  inches. 

d.  Accessories 

(1)  Hat  racks. 

(2)  Suitable  letterings  for  aisles  and  numbering  of  seats. 

3.  Illumination,  Window  Placement  and  Line  of  Vision 
Adequate  for  good  reading  of  study  light  in  all  sections  of  the 
room.    Three-foot  candles  is  standard  illumination.    Not  placed 
so  far  toward  the  front  of  the  room  or  in  the  front  wall  that 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        197 


audience  faces  direct  light  or  cross  lights.  Pillars  and  posts 
should  *be  so  placed  as  not  to  obstruct  illumination  or  to  break 
the  line  of  vision  to  the  stage. 

4.  Walls,  Ceiling  and  Floor 

a.  Walls  and  Ceilings 

(1)  These  should  be  in  good  condition,  free  from  cracks  and 
breaks.    Free  from  discolorations. 

(2)  Decoration  should  be  reasonably  recent.     General  trend 
of  decoration  should  be  middle  value,  pure  neutral.     If 
light  conditions  are  such  that  color  is  desired,  modify  the 
neutral  slightly  with  whatever  hue  is  needed. 

(3)  Good   reproductions    of   masterpieces    of   painting   and 
sculpture   appropriate   for   a   church   school   should   be 
provided. 

b.  Floor 

(1)  See  standards  for  Church  Auditorium  Floor,  Item  IV, 
B,  5. 

(2)  Ramp  is  necessary  except  possibly  in  very  small  assem- 
blies.    Ramp  should  begin  about  20  feet  back  from  the 
stage  with  a  6-inch  rise  every  10  feet  to  rear  of  hall. 
Adjustable  (level  or  inclined  floor)  controlled  by  hydraulic 
pressure  meets  standard  requirements. 

(3)  Special  Orchestra  and  Chorus  Space 

Movable  sectional  floor  to  cover  depressed  orchestra  pit 
with  risers  on  either  side  extending  above  floor  level. 

5.  Stage 

a.  Size 

(1)  Height.    If  seats  of  audience  hall  are  placed  on  an  inclined 
plane,  maximum  2  ^  feet,  if  flat  or  oval  at  least  3  %  feet. 

(2)  Width  of  stage  should  be  double  the  width  of  the  pro- 
scenium opening.    If  opening  is  30  feet  wide,  there  should 
be  about  15  feet  on  either  side  of  it  in  order  to  have 
adequate    room    for    assembling    participants,    moving 
scenery,  lighting  purposes,  etc. 

(3)  Depth.  Should  approximate  width  of  proscenium  opening. 

(4)  Back  of  stage  should  not  be  the  outside  wall  of  building, 
but  should  be  a  wooden  partition  harmonizing  with  general 
decorative  scheme  with  passageway  at  least  behind  it. 
Sliding  doors  opening  into  room  on  stage  level  which, 
when  partitions  are  open,  can  be  used  as  an  extension  or 
inner  room. 

(5)  A  set  of  risers  for  accommodating  the  chorus  or  for  special 
church   school   exercises.     A   set   of   movable   risers   13 
desirable. 

b.  Character 

(1)  Level  (not  an  inclined  plane). 

(2)  Soft  wood  floor. 

(3)  Elimination  of  apron  entirely  or  reduced  to  a  minimum. 


198  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


c.  Proscenium  Arch 

(1)  Size.     Minimum  opening  of  30  feet,  with  a  minimum 
height  20  feet.  Forty-foot  opening  requires  at  least  2  5  feet. 

(2)  There  should  be  sufficient  space  above  the  opening  for 
the  raising  of  drops  without  rolling  or  tripping  them. 
Space  above  the  stage  should  be  used  for  this  purpose 
only.      Portable,    adjustable    pilasters    and    adjustable 
piping  for  curtain  hanging  are  desirable. 

d.  Scenery 

Should  consist  of  curtain,  pylon  sets,  sky  cyclorama,  screens, 
box  sets,  wings  and  drops.  Most  desirable  scenery  combina- 
tion includes  curtain,  pylons  and  sky  cyclorama.  Scenery 
with  a  minimum  of  constructed  parts  and  a  maximum  of 
lighting  effects  and  modern  equipment  lending  itself  to  the 
greatest  amount  of  flexibility,  is  most  desirable. 

e.  Curtain 

A  draw  curtain  is  preferable.  The  curtain  should  be  fire- 
proofed.  It  is  desirable  to  have  a  regular  asbestos  fire  curtain 
in  addition. 

f.  Combination  Steps,  Extension  Stage,  Ramps,  etc. 

There  should  be  no  steps  leading  to  the  stage  from  the  sides 
or  back,  but  sectional  steps  leading  from  the  audience  room 
proper  to  the  stage.  An  extension  stage  is  frequently  found 
desirable  as  well  as  inclines  and  ramps  that  can  connect  stage 
with  audience  room  proper. 

g.  Portable  Small  Stage 

Provision  should  be  made  wherever  possible  for  a  portable 

stage  for  the  opposite  end  of  the  hall  from  the  stage  proper, 
h.  Dressing  Rooms 

Good  size  dressing  rooms  for  men  and  women,  located  near 

the  stage.     These  rooms  should  be  equipped  with  tables, 

mirrors,  and  ample  clothes-hooks  or.  racks. 
i.   Buzzer  System 

Electrical  buzzer  connections  with  orchestra,  dressing  rooms 

and  lights  operator  at  rear  of  room. 

6.  Musical  Equipment 

a.  Piano 

b.  Pipe  organ.     This  instrument  may  take  place  of  orchestra 
when  latter  cannot  be  maintained. 

c.  Music  stands  with  light  equipments  so  shaded  that  all  light 
will  be  shut  off  from  Tine  of  vision  of  audience. 

7.  Visualization  Equipment 

For  standards  see  Church  Rooms,  item  IV,  B,  14. 

8.  Auxiliaries  to  Assembly  Room 

a.  Storage  Room  for  Risers  and  Seats 
Easily  accessible  to  audience  room. 

b.  Costume  Room — Property  Room 

Rooms  with  wardrobes  to  keep  costumes  and  properties  safe 
and  in  good  condition  are  essential. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        199 

c.  Bulletin  Board 

One  or  more  illuminated  bulletin  boards  should  be  installed 
outside  of  buildings. 

d.  Box  office  for  special  benefits  should  be  provided. 

C.  Classrooms  and  Department  Assembly  Rooms 

1.  Adequacy  of  Number 

a.  Department  Assembly  Rooms 

Separate  for  each  of  the  children's  departments,  beginners, 
primary  and  junior;  also  in  larger  schools  (300  or  over)  for 
the  higher  departments,  intermediate,  senior  and  young 
peoples'. 

b.  Classrooms 

There  should  be  enough  classrooms  to  supplement  the  use  of 
the  assembly  rooms  so  that  classes  should  not  exceed  30 
members  except  in  the  adult  division.  Separate  classrooms 
should  be  provided  for  every  class  of  the  junior  and  all 
higher  departments,  also  for  the  cradle  roll  and  teacher  train- 
ing classes. 

c.  Sound-proofness 

Where  space  is  not  available  for  separate  assembly  rooms  for 
the  different  departments  in  addition  to  classrooms,  it  is 
possible  by  means  of  sliding  doors  (well  fitted)  to  make  an 
assembly  room  from  two  or  three  classrooms.  It  is  desirable 
that  each  class  have  a  room  which  it  feels  to  be  its  own 
and  that  the  room  be  free  from  the  disturbances  of  other  class 
activities  which  arise  when  classes  are  separated  by  curtains 
or  screens. 

Church  school  classes  should  have  working  conditions  as 
adequate  as  those  of  any  school. 

2.  Size  and  Shape 

Should  provide  15  square  feet  of  floor  space  and  200  cubic  feet 
of  air  space  per  child. 

A  room  22  feet  wide  by  28  feet  long  by  12  feet  high  will  provide 
for  30  pupils  and  is  the  best  shape  for  instruction  purposes. 

3.  Seats  and  Desks 

a.  For  beginners  and  primary  departments  tables  and  chairs  of 
varying  sizes  are  desirable.    Individual,  movable  and  adjust- 
able seats  and  desks  for  junior  and  intermediate  departments. 
For  other   departments   the   kind   of  equipment  should  be 
determined  by  size  of  class  and  mode  of  work. 

b.  Desks  for  teachers  should  be  of  adequate  size  with  drawer 
space  arranged  for  various  size  papers.     Should  not  have 
platform.     Teacher's  chair  of  same  material  and  finish  as  desk. 

4.  Illumination  and  Window  Placement 

a.  Glass  area  should  be  one-fifth  to  one-quarter  area  of  floor- 
determined  by  latitude  and  by  the  presence  or  absence  of 
light  obstructions. 

b.  Windows 

When  furniture  is  permanently  attached  to  floor,  light  should 
come  from  one  side  only,  i.  e.,  from  the  left  of  the  seated 


200  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


student.  With  movable  furniture  windows  should  be  located 
at  left  and  rear  or  at  left  only.  Windows  should  not  be  so 
near  the  front  wall  as  to  cause  students  to  face  the  direct 
light.  A  dead  wall  space  of  six  to  seven  feet  is  desirable  at 
the  left  front.  Wide  mullions  and  piers  should  be  avoided 
so  as  to  prevent  the  casting  of  shadows.  Windows  should  be 
of  plain  glass  except  where  fire  regulations  require  fire  wire 
glass.  Windows  should  be  sufficiently  near  the  ceiling  to 
permit  the  complete  lighting  of  the  opposite  side  of  the  room. 
For  example,  the  windows  of  rooms  which  are  24  feet  wide 
should  extend  close  to  ceiling  of  a  12-foot  height.  Windows 
should  begin  at  a  height  of  8^2  to  4  feet  from  the  floor. 

c.  Shades  should  be  adjustable  from  center  of  the  windows. 
The  color  should  be  bisque  or  light  sage. 

5.  Walls  and  Ceilings 

Here  should  be  considered  plastering,  finish,  texture,  condition, 
picture  mold,  chair  rail  and  dado.  Hard,  smooth,  non-glass 
plaster  is  the  standard  with  cement  plaster  for  dado  with  avoid- 
ance of  grooves  and  ledges.  Deadened  ceiling  where  "floating 
ceiling"  is  used. 

6.  Floors 

Cement,  overlaid  with  battleship  linoleum  or  hardwood,  durable, 
well-joined  and  not  dust  retaining,  are  desirable  standards. 
Sanitary  covers  should  be  provided  at  junction  of  walls  and 
floors.  All  floors  should  be  sound-proofed. 

7.  Blackboards  and  Bulletin  Boards 

a.  Blackboards  should  be  of  highest  grade  slate  or  ground  glass, 
dull  black.    Located  on  front  and  side  of  room;  height  of  chalk 
rail,  for  children  4  to  6  years  of  age,  24  inches;  6-8  years  of 
age,  26  inches;  8-10  years  of  age,  28  inches;  10-14  years  of  age, 
30  inches;  14  years  or  over,  32-36  inches.    Amount  of  surface 
determined  by  the  number  of  children  accommodated;  light 
curtains  for  covering  boards  on  dark  days  or  when  not  in 
use. 

b.  Bulletin  Boards 

Space  not  provided  with  blackboards  or  space  above  boards 
may  be  provided  with  cork  bulletin  boards  for  illustrative 
purposes. 

c.  Picture  Rails 

Provision  for  picture  rails  in  the  kindergarten  and  primary 
rooms  on  which  pictures  may  be  placed  during  the  class 
session. 

8.  Doors  and  Closets 

a.  Doors  should  swing  in  both  directions  or  open  outwards;  no 
thresholds. 

b.  Closets  and  Built-in  Bookcases 

There  should  be  at  least  one  in  each  room,  large  enough  to 
provide  for  supplies,  books,  globe,  and  maps  when  not  in  use. 
Located  as  near  the  teacher's  desk  as  construction  permits. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        201 


9.  Instructional  Equipment 

Provision  for  maps,  stereopticon,  globes,  display  exhibits,  scrap- 
books,  sand-table,  modeling  clay,  and  the  like  according  to  needs 
of  class  or  division.  Pianos  for  all  assembly  rooms. 

D.  Cloak  Rooms  and  Wardrobes 

Cloak  rooms  should  adjoin  classrooms  of  little  children  and  be 
under  teacher  control.  Cloak  rooms  should  provide  ample  space 
for  winter  wraps  for  each  child.  The  heights  of  hooks  should  be 
adapted  to  heights  of  children.  Umbrella  racks  should  be  provided. 
Cloak  rooms  should  be  easily  accessible  to  children  and  so  arranged 
as  to  avoid  confusion.  Cloak  rooms  should  be  provided  with 
natural  and  artificial  light. 

E.  Church  School  Superintendent's  Office 

1.  Should  be  located  on  first  floor  near  main  school  entrance. 
Should  consist  of  a  combination  reception  room  and  secretary's 
office  and  an  inner  private  office.    Equipped  for  efficient  trans- 
action of  the  school  business.     Cabinets  for  filing,  desk  and 
telephone  connections  should  be  part  of  equipment. 

2.  Workroom  for  printing,  mimeographing,  etc.,  with  shelves  for 
stock  equipment,  should  connect  with  this  office. 

F.  Supply  Rooms 

Conveniently  located  for  janitor  and  superintendent,  ventilated 
and  fire-proof.  These  should  be  adequate  in  size  and  number.  Pro- 
vided with  ample  facilities  for  classified  and  efficient  storage.  A 
church  school  requires  a  maximum  of  storage  space. 

VI.   COMMUNITY  SERVICE  ROOMS 
A.  Rooms  for  General  Use 

1.  Recreation  and  Dining  Room 

a.  Size.    Large  enough  to  seat  at  table  at  least  50  per  cent,  of 
the  people  served  by  the  community  church.     Allow  ten 
square  feet  per  person  to  be  served. 

b.  Equipment.    Material  for  take-down  tables,  temporary  plat- 
form, piano,  folding  chairs. 

2.  Kitchen 

a.  Location.      Convenient  to  the  recreation  and  dining  room. 
Size  should  be  one-tenth  of  the  area  of  the  larger  room. 
Separate  service  entrance  should  be  provided. 

b.  Equipment.     A  range  and  where  possible  gas  plates.     Large 
kettles  and  other  necessary  utensils  for  cooking  for  large  groups. 
Dishes,  silver  and  linen  for  maximum  number  to  be  served. 
Sinks,  hot  and  cold  water,  dish  washing  facilities  and  draining 
racks,  etc.    Table  for  scraping  dirty  dishes  with  garbage  recep- 
tacle underneath.    Broad  and  sufficient  serving  space  between 
kitchen  and   dining  room  with   counter  shelves  for  quick 
service.    Two-way  swing  doors  between  kitchen  and  dining 
room   with    kicking    plate   and    glass    panel.      Refrigerator 
equipment.    Vegetable  storage.    Steam  kettles,  electric  potato 
paring  machines,  electric  cream  freezers  and  electric  dish- 
washers are  desirable  equipment. 


202  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


3.  Library  and  Reading  Room 

a.  Location.    Near   main   entrance   or   with   separate   outside 
entrance. 

b.  Equipment 

(1)  Library.     Books  and  periodicals,  reference  books,  ency- 
clopedias, church  histories,  and  other  church  references, 
adjustable  book  shelves,  librarian's  desk,  card  catalog, 
typewriter,  repair    and    marking    equipment,    charging 
system  and  records. 

(2)  Reading  room.     Tables  or  desks  preferably  with  seclusion 
partitions,  individual  reading  lights,  comfortable  chairs, 
racks  for  wraps  and  umbrellas,  holders  for  newspapers 
and  magazines. 

B.  Rooms  for  Social  Service 

1.  Women's  Social  Room  and  Mother's  Room 

Equipped  with  tables,  chairs,  couches,  and  furnished  in  a  way 
to  make  it  an  attractive  meeting  place  for  women's  clubs  and 
organizations.  Should  adjoin  the  day  nursery  room.  Should  have 
large  enough  closet  or  anteroom  to  enclose  sewing  machines  and 
other  equipment  which  might  be  used  by  different  organizations 
using  the  room. 

2.  Girls'  Club-rooms 

a.  Location.    Accessible  and  visible  from  street,  with  separate 
outside  entrance.    Convenient  to  library. 

b.  Equipment  should  consist  of  chairs,  tables,  newspapers  and 
magazine  racks,  trophy  cases  and  bulletin  board.    Wardrobes 
or  closets  to  be  used  by  separate  organizations  for  keeping  cos- 
tumes, and  other  equipment.    Pictures  and  pennants  to  mak« 
room  an  attractive  meeting  and  gathering  place  for  girls. 

3.  Men's  Club-room 

a.  Location.     Accessible  and  visible  from  the  street.     Direct 
entrance  from  outside  of  building.    Convenient  to  library. 

b.  Equipment  should  consist  of  comfortable  chairs,  tables,  news- 
paper and  magazine  racks,  chess  tables,  pictures,  rugs,  etc., 
to  make  the  room  an  attractive  lounging  and  rest  room  for 
men. 

4.  Boys'  Club-rooms 

Equipped  similarly  to  the  girls'  club-room. 

5.  Nurses'  and  Rest  Room 

a.  Location.    Convenient  to  school  classrooms. 

b.  Equipped   with   adequate   first-aid   outfit,    chairs,   reclining 
couch,  wash  stand  with  hot  and  cold  water  and  toilet. 

6.  Day  Nursery 

a.  Located  near  mothers'  room. 

b.  Equipped  with  cribs,  kindergarten  chairs  and  tables,  toys,  etc. 

7.  Civic  Center  Room 

a.  Used  as  a  room  for  evening  classes  in  citizenship,  for  social 
gathering  and  special  talks,  and  for  committees  and  other 
bodies  engaged  in  community  work. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS       203 

b.  Equipped  with  text  books,  writing  materials,  lantern  and 
reflectpscope,  signs  and  placards,  and  other  materials  used 
in  civic  instruction.     Pictures  with  American  ideals  should 
predominate. 
8.  Social  Workers'  Office 

This  room  should  be  equipped  with  desk  table  and  chairs  for 
conferences  and  small  group  meetings.  Filing  cases  for  card 
records  of  visits,  cases,  and  follow  up  work.  A  small  library  of 
special  books  to  be  referred  to  in  personal  consultations  is  desirable. 

C.  Rooms  for  Recreation  and  Athletics 

1.  Gymnasium 

a.  Location.     On  ground  floor,  accessible  from  playground  by 
outside  door. 

b.  Adequate  dimensions  are  50  feet  by  75  feet  by  16  feet.    Where 
balcony  is  provided  for  audience  or  for  running  track,  the 
height  should  be  increased  to  22-25  feet.    Walls  light  colored. 
Windows  and  lights  protected  by  heavy  large  meshed  wire. 
Where  support  columns  are  needed  they  should  be  padded 
to  a  height  of  6  feet.    Should  be  sound-proof. 

c.  Equipment.     Provision  for  basketball,   volley  ball,   indoor 
baseball,  and  other  group  activities.     Pulley  weights,  hori- 
zontal and  parallel  bars,  climbing  ropes,  and  ladders,  jumping 
standards,   flying  rings,   dumb   bells,   Indian   clubs,   boxing 
gloves,  quoits,  etc. 

d.  Athletic  Director's  office.    Fully  equipped  and  located  so  as 
to  control  all  athletic  rooms. 

2.  Locker  Rooms 

Adjacent  to  the  gymnasium.  Separate  for  sexes.  Steel  lockers. 
Ventilated.  Minimum  of  large  dressing  lockers  with  maximum 
of  small  storage  lockers. 

3.  Showers 

Side  showers,  regulated  with  ease  from  entrance,  curtained  en- 
trances, adjacent  to  locker  rooms.  Hot  and  cold  water  should 
be  obtainable  at  all  times,  at  each  shower.  This  last  standard 
requires  careful  consideration  when  plumbing  is  being  installed. 

4.  Swimming  Pool 

Easily  accessible  from  locker  rooms  with  separate  entrances 
for  each  sex.  Graduated  depth.  Tiled  bottom  and  sides.  Should 
be  at  least  15  by  30  feet.  Provision  for  sanitary  maintenance, 
for  frequent  and  adequate  cleansing  of  the  pool,  for  a  continuous 
and  filtered  water  supply,  for  the  sterilization  and  laundering  of 
swimming  suits  and  towels  and  for  drying  hair  should  be  included. 
Provision  for  constant  supervision  of  pool  while  in  use  requires 
a  swimming  attendant's  office  with  wide  window  overlooking  the 
pool. 

5.  Hand  Ball  Courts 

Provision  can  be  made  for  these  in  a  small  room,  e.  g.,  12  by  16 
feet.  Outdoor  courts  can  often  be  made  against  blank  walls 
of  the  building,  and  if  a  concrete  floor  is  provided  can  be  used  all 
year.  Where  separate  provision  is  not  made  for  hand  ball,  one 
or  more  wall  spaces  in  the  gymnasium  should  be  left  clear  of 
apparatus  for  use  with  hand  ball. 


204  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


6.  Game  or  Amusement  Rooms 

Equipped  with  stands  for  checkers,  shuffle  board,  chess,  cards 
and  other  concentration  games.  Where  separate  room  is  not 
available  for  these  games  they  should  be  distributed  through 
the  several  club-rooms.  Where  billiard  or  pool  tables  are  installed, 
equipment  for  cues  and  their  care  should  be  provided.  There 
should  be  space  enough  for  chairs  at  sides  or  ends  of  rooms. 
Room  16  by  20  feet  will  accommodate  two  tables.  Such  a 
room  is  preferably  located  near  physical  director's  office  or  some 
other  room  where  an  officer  is  in  constant  attendance.  Efficient 
upkeep  of  all  equipment  is  essential. 

7.  Bowling  Alley 

Most  economically  built  as  a  pair  of  alleys.  Should  be  sound- 
proof. Bank  of  seats  at  end  for  spectators  and  for  contestants 
in  tournaments.  Two  alleys  require  a  space  11  feet  6  inches  by 
83  feet.  Each  additional  alley  will  require  an  additional  5  feet 
9  inches  in  width.  Gallery  at  rear  will  be  additional  to  the  above 
length. 


Construction  Classification   of   the 
American    Institute    of    Architects 

TYPE  A  A  building  constructed  entirely  of  fire-resistive  mate- 
rials, including  its  roof,  windows,  doors,  floors  and 
finish. 

TYPE  B  A  building  of  fire-resistive  construction,  in  its  walls, 
floors,  stairways  and  ceilings,  but  with  wood  finish, 
wood  or  composition  floor  surface,  and  wood  roof 
construction  over  fire-resistive  ceilings. 

TYPE  C  A  building  with  masonry  walls,  fire-resistive  corridors 
an:l  stairways,  but  with  ordinary  construction  other- 
wise, i.  e.  combustible  floors,  partitions,-  roofs  and 
finish. 

TYPE  D  A  building  with  masonry  walls,  but  otherwise  ordi- 
nary or  joist  construction  and  wood  finish. 

TYPE  E  A  frame  building  constructed  with  wood  above 
foundation  with  or  without  slate  or  other  semi-fire- 
proof material  on  the  roof. 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS       205 


APPENDIX  II 

SAMPLE  SPECIFICATIONS  OF  ONE  TYPE  OF 
TWO  MANUAL  PIPE  ORGAN 

Suitable  for  Auditorium  seating  600 

MANUALS— Compass  CC  to  C,  61  notes. 
PEDALS— Compass  CCC  to  F,  30  notes. 
ACTION— Electro-pneumatic  throughout. 
Duplex  Chest. 

GREAT  ORGAN 

1  8'  Open  Diapason metal  73  pipes 

2  8'  Dulciana metal  61     " 

3  8'  Melodia wood  73     " 

4  8'  Gamba metal  61     " 

5  4'  Octave metal  61  notes 

6  4'  Flute  d'Amour wood  and  metal  73  pipes 

7  8'  Oboe  Horn reeds  61     " 

SWELL  ORGAN 

8  16'     Bourdon wood     49  notes 

9  8'     Violin  Diapason metal     61  pipes 

10  8'  Rohr  Flute wood  61 

11  8'  Dulciana metal  61  notes 

12  8'  Gamba metal  61 

13  4'  Flute wood  and  metal  61 

14  2'  Flautina metal  61 

15  8'  Vox  Celeste metal  49  pipes 

16  8'  Oboe  Horn -. reeds  Cl  notes 

17  8'  Vox  Humana reeds  Cl  pipes 

ECHO  ORGAN 
(Played  from  Great  Manual) 

18  8      Spitz  Flute wood  61 

19  8      Muted  viola metal  61 

20  8      Flute  Celeste wood  49     " 

21  4      Wald  Flute wood  and  metal  61 

22  8      Vox  Humana reeds  61 

23  Chimes 

PEDAL  ORGAN 

24  16'     Bourdon wood     30  pipes 

25  16'     Lieblich  Gedeckt..  .  .wood  and  metal     30  notes 


26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


Swell  to  Great 
Swell  to  Great  4' 
Swell  to  Great  16' 
Swell  4' 
Great  4' 


COUPLERS 

31  Great  to  Pedal 

32  Swell  to  Pedal 

33  Swell  16' 

34  Echo  "On,"  Great 


'Off" 


206  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

MECHANICALS 

35     Echo  Tremulant  36     Swell  Tremulant 

Crescendo  Indicator 

ADJUSTABLE  COMBINATIONS 
(Operated  by  pistons  placed  under  respective  manuals) 

Piston  No.  1 1 

Piston  No.  2  [  Affecting  Swell  and  Pedal  Stops 

Piston  No.  3  J 

Piston  No.  1  ] 

Piston  No.  2  \  Affecting  Great,  Echo  and  Pedal  Stops 

Piston  No.  3  J 

PEDAL  MOVEMENTS 

1  Great  to  Pedal  Reversible 

2  Balanced  Swell  Expression  Pedal 

3  Balanced  Echo  Expression  Pedal 

4  Grand  Crescendo  Pedal 

Organ  Bench  with  Music  Shelf  of  same  material  as  Casing 

Concave  Pedal 
Electric  Blower  of  ample  capacity 

SAMPLE  SPECIFICATIONS  OF  A  THREE 
MANUAL  PIPE  ORGAN 

Suitable  for  an  Auditorium  seating  600-1,000  people 

MANUALS— Compass  CC  to  C,  61  Notes. 
PEDALS— Compass  CCC  to  G,  32  Notes. 
ACTION — Electro-pneumatic  throughout. 

GREAT  ORGAN— 5"  Wind 

1  8'  Open  Diapason metal  61  pipes 

2  8'  Doppel  Flote wood  73 

3  8'  Clarabella wood  73 

4  8'  Dulciana metal  73 

5  4'  Flute  d' Amour wood  and  metal  73 

6  4'  Octave metal  61 

7  8'  Tuba reeds  61 

Stops  2,  3,  4,  5,  7  in  Choir  Swell  Box 

SWELL  ORGAN— 5"  Wind 

8  16'    Bourdon wood  and  metal    73  pipes 

9  8'    Open  Diapason metal    73 

10  8'  Stopped  Diapason wood  73 

11  8'  Salicional metal  73 

12  8'  Vox  Celeste metal  61 

13  8'  Aeoline metal  73 

14  4'  Flute  Harmonique wood  and  metal  73 

15  8'  Oboe reeds  61 

16  8'  Cornopean . . reeds  '<3 

17  8'  Vox  Humana. .  reeds  61 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS       207 


39 
40 
41 

42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 


CHOIR  ORGAN— 5"  Wind 
(Augmented) 

18  8'    Violin  Diapason metal  73  pipes 

19  8'     Doppel  Flote wood  73  notes 

20  8'     Melodia wood  73 

21  8'     Dulciana metal  73 

22  4'     Flute wood  and  metal  73 

23  8'     Tuba ' reeds  61 

24  8'     Viola  da  gamba metal  73  pipes 

25  2'     Piccolo metal  61 

26  8'     Clarinet reeds  73 

ECHO  ORGAN 
(Played  from  Great  Manual) 

27  8'     Spitz  Flute ' wood  61  pipes 

28  8'     Muted  Viola metal  61 

29  8'     Flute  Celeste wood  49 

30  4'     Wald  Flute wood  and  metal  61 

31  8'     Vox  Humana reeds  61     " 

32  Chimes 25  notes 

PEDAL  ORGAN— 5"  Wind 

33  16'     Open  Diapason wood  44  pipes 

34  16'     Bourdon wood  44 

35  16'     Lieblich  Gedeckt from  No.    8 32  notes 

36  8'     Flute from  No.  34 32     " 

37  8'     Octave from  No.  33 32     " 

38  8'     Violoncello..  ..from  No.  24 32     " 


Great  to 
Swell  to 
Choir  to 
Swell  to 
Great  to 
Swell  to 
Swell  to 
Swell  to 
Choir  to 
Choir  to 
Choir  to 
Great  4' 


Pedal 
Pedal 
Pedal 
Pedal  4' 
Pedal  4' 
Great 
Great  4' 
Great  16' 
Great 
Great  4' 
Great  16' 


COUPLERS 

51  Choir  4' 

52  Choir  16 
53 

54 
55 
56 
57 
58 


59 
60 
61 


Swell  to  Choir 

Swell  to  Choir  4' 

Swell  to  Choir  16' 

Swell  4' 

Swell  16' 

Choir  to  Swell 

Swell  Unison  in  Key  Jamb 

Choir  Unison  in  Key  Jamb 

Echo  "On,"  Great  "Off" 


62  Swell  Tremulant 

63  Choir  Tremulant 


MECHANICALS 

64     Echo  Tremulant 
Crescendo  Indicator 


ADJUSTABLE  COMBINATIONS 
(Operated  by  pistons  placed  under  respective  manuals,  also 

by  corresponding  pedal  pistons) 
Piston  No.  1 
Piston  No.  2 

Piston  No.  3  }  Affecting  Swell  Organ  with  duplicate  Pedal  Studs 
Piston  No.  4 
Piston  No.  5 


208  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


Affecting  Great  and  Echo  Organs  with  duplicate  Pedal  Studs 


Piston  No.  1 
Piston  No.  2 
Piston  No.  3 
Piston  No.  4 
Piston  No.  5 

Piston  No.  1  1 

Piston  No.  2  [  Affecting  Choir  Organ 

Piston  No.  3  J 

Piston  No.  1  1 

£!    Affecting  Pedal  Organ 

Piston  No.  4  J 

Piston  No.  1  ] 

Piston  No.  2  [  Affecting  Full  Organ 

Piston  No.  3  J 

PEDAL  MOVEMENTS 

1  Great  to  Pedal  Reversible 

2  Balanced  Swell  Expression  Pedal 

3  Balanced  Choir  Expression  Pedal 

4  Balanced  Echo  Expression  Pedal 

5  Grand  Crescendo  Pedal 

Organ  Bench  with  Music  Shelf  of  same  material  as  Casing 

Concave  Pedal 
Electric  Blower  of  ample  capacity 


SAMPLE  SPECIFICATIONS  OF  A  THREE 
MANUAL  PIPE  ORGAN 

Suitable  for  an  Auditorium  seating  more  than  1,000  people 

MANUALS— Compass  CC  to  Cf  61  Notes. 
PEDALS— Compass  CCC  to  G,  32  Notes. 
ACTION — Electro-pneumatic  throughout. 

GREAT  ORGAN 

1  16'    Open  Diapason wood  and  metal     61  pipes 

2  8'     First  Open  Diapason wood  and  metal     61 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 


8' 

B1 

81 

Second  Open  Diapason  — 
Doppel  Flote  
Melodia 

metal 
wood 
wood 

61 
73 
73 

8> 

Gemsh  orn 

metal 

73 

V 

Dulciana 

metal 

73 

R1 

Unda  Maris 

metal 

61 

1' 

Flute  d'Amour 

wood  and  metal 

73 

2' 

P'rrnlo 

.  .  metal 

61 

r 

Tuba                      

reeds 

73 

(All  stops  except  Nos. 

1  and  2  in  Choir  Swell  Box) 

OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS       209 


SWELL  ORGAN 

12  16'  Bourdon wood  73  pipes 

13  8'  Open  Diapason wood  and  metal  73     " 

14  8'  Stopped  Diapason wood  73     " 

15  8'  Flute  Traverse wood  73     " 

16  8'  Viole  d'Orchestre metal  73 

17  8'  Vox  Celeste metal  61 

18  8'  Aeoline metal  73 

19  4'  Flauto  Traverso wood  and  metal  73 

20  4'  Principal metal  73 

21  2'  Flautina metal  61 

22  3  Rks.  Dolce  Cornet metal  219 

23  8'  Cornopean reeds  61 

24  8'  Oboe  and  Bassoon — round  tone — soft reeds  61 

25  8'  Vox  Humana — very  soft — small  scale reeds  61 

26  8'  Salicional , metal  73 

CHOIR  ORGAN 

27  8'  Geigen  Principal metal  73  pipes 

28  8'  Doppel  Flote wood  73  notes 

29  8'  Melodia wood  73     " 

30  8'  Gemshorn metal  73     " 

31  8'  Dulciana metal  73     " 

32  8'  Unda  Maris metal  61     " 

33  8'  Viola  da  Gamba metal  73  pipes 

34  4'  Flute wood  and  metal  73  notes 

35  2'  Piccolo metal  61     " 

36  8'  Saxaphone reeds  73     " 

37  8'  Clarinet reeds  61     " 

ECHO  ORGAN 

(Played  from  Great  Manual) 

38  8  Spitz  Flute wood  61  pipes 

39  8  Muted  Viola metal  61     " 

40  8  Flute  Celeste wood  49     " 

41  4  Wald  Flute wood  and  metal  61     " 

42  8  Vox  Humana reeds  61     " 

43  Chimes 20  bells 

PEDAL  ORGAN 

44  16'  Open  Diapason wood  44  pipes 

45  16'  Bourdon wood  44     " 

46  16'  Violon from  No.    1 32  notes 

47  16'  Lieblich  Gedeckt from  No.  12 32 

48  8'  Octave  Bass from  No.  44 32 

49  8'  Violoncello from  No.  33 32 

50  8'  Dolce  Flute from  No.  45 32     " 

51  8'  Gedeckt from  No.  14 32 

52  16'  Tuba..  .  .20  from  No.  11 ..  32     " 


210 


CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 


COUPLERS 

53 

Great 

to 

Pedal 

65 

Choir 

4' 

54 

Swell 

to 

Pedal 

66 

Choir 

16' 

55 

Choir 

to 

Pedal 

67 

Swell 

to  Choir 

56 

Swell 

to 

Pedal 

4' 

68 

Swell 

to  Choir  4' 

57 

Great 

to 

Pedal 

4' 

69 

Swell 

to  Choir  16' 

58 

Swell 

to 

Great 

70 

Swell 

4' 

59 

Swell 

to 

Great 

4' 

71 

Swell 

16' 

60 

Swell 

to 

Great 

16' 

72 

Choir 

to  Swell 

61 

Choir 

to 

Great 

73 

Swell 

Unison  in  Key 

Jamb 

62 

Choir 

to 

Great 

4' 

74 

Choir 

Unison  in  Key 

Jamb 

63 

Choir 

to 

Great 

16' 

75 

Echo 

"On,"  Great  "Off" 

64 

Great 

4' 

MECHANICALS 

76 

Swell 

Tremulant 

78 

Echo 

Tremulant 

77 

Choir 

Tremulant 

Crescendo 

Indicator 

Affecting  Great  and  Echo  Organs  with  duplicate  Pedal  Studs 


ADJUSTABLE  COMBINATIONS 
(Operated  by  pistons  placed  under  respective  manuals,  also  by 

corresponding  pedal  pistons) 
Piston  No.  1 
Piston  No.  2 

Piston  No.  3    Affecting  Swell  Organ  with  duplicate  Pedal  Studs 
Piston  No.  4 
Piston  No.  5 

Piston  No.  1 
Piston  No.  2 
Piston  No.  3 
Piston  No.  4 
Piston  No.  5 

Piston  No.  1  1 

Phto^NoJ    Affecting  Choir  Organ 

Piston  No.  4  J 

Piston  No.  1 1 

£l    Affecting  PfcWO^n. 
Piston  No.  4  J 

Piston  No.  1  ] 

Piston  No.  2  [  Affecting  Full  Organ 

Piston  No.  3  J 

PEDAL  MOVEMENTS 

1  Great  to  Pedal  Reversible 

2  Balanced  Swell  Expression  Pedal 

3  Balanced  Choir  Expression  Pedal 

4  Balanced  Echo  Expression  Pedal 

5  Grand  Crescendo  Pedal 

Organ  Bench  with  Music  Shelf  of  same  material  as  Casing 

Concave  Pedal 
Electric  Blower  of  ample  capacity 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS        211 


APPENDIX  III 
List  of  Illustrations 

Illustration  Page 

Number  Number 

1  First  Baptist  Church 18 

2  Centre  Methodist  Church v  20 

3  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist  Church 22 

4  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church 24 

5  Robinson  Methodist  Church 26 

6  Methodist  Church 28 

7  Linden  Methodist  Church 30 

8  Mystic  Side  Congregational  Church 32 

9  People's  Church  of  the  Nazarene 34 

10  First  Trinitarian  Congregational  Church 36 

11  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  Church 38 

12  Maplewood  Baptist  Church 40 

13  Linden  Congregational  Church .  42 

14  Maplewood  Methodist  Church 43 

15  Maplewood  Congregational  Church 46 

16  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church 48 

17  Union  Baptist  Church 50 

18  Basement  of  Union  Baptist  Church 51 

19  Environment  of  First  Congregational  Church 57 

20  Blank  Wall  of  Parish  House,  First  Baptist  Church 57 

21  Side  View  of  First  Congregational  Church 57 

22  Parish  House,  First  Baptist  Church 59 

23  Rear  of  Maplewood  Congregational  Church 60 

24  Religious  School  Building,  St.  Paul's  Church 60 

25  Main  Stairway,  Centre  Methodist  Church 65 

26  Side  Stairway,  Centre  Methodist  Church 65 

27  Winding  Stairway,  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church 65 

28  Stairways  of  Maplewood  Baptist  Church 65 

29  Auditorium,  Robinson  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 66 

30  Front  Stairway,  Robinson  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 67 

31  Main  Exit,  Robinson  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 67 

32  Auditorium,  Maplewood  Methodist  Church 70 


212  CHURCH    BUILDING    SURVEY 

Illustration  Page 

Number  Number 

33  Stairways,  Linden  Congregational  Church 71 

34  Front  Stairway,  Maplewood  Methodist  Church 71 

35  Sunday  School  Assembly  Room,  Linden  Congregational  Church    .    .  72 

36  Inner  Stairway,  Faulkner  Methodist  Church 74 

37  Stairway  Connection,  First  Congregational  Church 74 

38  Floor  Plan,  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church 76 

39  Foyer,  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church 76 

40  Primary  Class  Room,  Maplewood  Congregational  Church 77 

41  Kitchen,  Linden  Methodist  Church 78 

42  Sunday  School  Assembly  Room,  Linden  Methodist  Church        ...  79 

43  Basement,  Maplewood  Baptist  Church 80 

44  Basement,  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church 82 

45  Basement,  First  Congregational  Church 83 

46  Parlors,  First  Baptist  Church 84 

47  Air  Intake,  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist 90 

48  Air  Intake,  First  Congregational  Church 90 

49  Air  Intake,  First  Baptist  Church 91 

50  Furance  in  School  Assembly  Room,   Mystic  Side  Congregational 
Church 92 

51  Sunday  School  Rooms,  Maplewood  Methodist  Church 94 

52  Class  Room,  First  Baptist  Church 95 

53  Interior  of  Centre  Methodist  Church 97 

54  Class  Room  and  Storeroom,  Maplewood  Baptist  Church 99 

55  Large  Class  Room,  Centre  Methodist  Church 101 

56  Sunday  School  Assembly  Room,  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church    .    .    .  103 

57  Sunday  School  Assembly  Room,  First  Congregational  Church  .    .    .  105 

58  Banquet  Room,  First  Baptist  Church 107 

59  Toilet  Room,  First  Baptist  Church 108 

60  Toilet,  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church 109 

61  Kitchen  and  Storeroom,  Maplewood  Methodist  Church Ill 

62  Auditorium,  Mystic  Side  Congregational  Church 117 

63  Auditorium,  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church 119 

64  Auditorium,  First  Baptist  Church 120 

65  Balcony,  First  Baptist  Church 121 

66  Choir  Room,  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church 125 

67  Small  Assembly  Room,  Eastern  Avenue  Baptist  Church 127 


OF    MALDEN,    MASSACHUSETTS  213 

Illustration  Page 

Number  Number 

68  School  Assembly  Room,  First  Baptist  Church 129 

69  Sunday  School  Assembly  Room,  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist  131 

70  Beginners'  Class  Room,  Centre  Methodist  Church 132 

71  Sunday  School  Assembly  Room,  Maplewood  Baptist  Church     .    .    .  137 

72  Sunday  School  Room,  Centre  Methodist  Church 139 

73  Community  Room,  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist 141 

74  Type  of  Class  Room  in  the  First  Congregational  Church 142 

75  Primary  Room,  Faulkner  Methodist  Church     . 143 

76  Class  Room,  First  Baptist  Church 144 

77  Primary  Class  Room,  First  Congregational  Church 145 

78  Class  Room,  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church 146 

79  Kitchen  and  Class  Room,  Maplewood  Bpatist  Church 149 

80  Class  Room,  First  Baptist  Church 149 

81  Class  Rooms  in  the  Maplewood  Baptist  Church 151 

82  Assembly  Room,  First  Baptist  Parish  House 153 

83  Kitchen,  First  Baptist  Church 159 

84  Kitchen,  Linden  Congregational  Church 161 

85  Kitchen,  Faulkner  Methodist  Church 161 

86  Kitchen,  First  Parish  in  Maiden,  Universalist 163 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 
LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


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